{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T15:53:43Z","timestamp":1792684423761,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Our understanding of pediatric osteoarticular infections (OAIs) has improved significantly in recent decades. Kingella kingae is now recognized as the most common pathogen responsible for OAIs in pediatric populations younger than 4 years old. Research has provided a better understanding of the specific types, clinical characteristics, biological repercussions, and functional outcomes of these infections. Hands and wrists are rarely infected, with few reports available in the literature. The present study aimed to examine this specific condition in a large patient cohort, explore the implications for each anatomical area using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and critically evaluate the evolution of therapeutic management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11082123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T08:53:31Z","timestamp":1692608011000},"page":"2123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Pediatric Osteoarticular Kingella kingae Infections of the Hand and Wrist: A Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3330-935X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blaise","family":"Cochard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Orthopedics Unit, Pediatric Surgery Service, Geneva University Hospitals, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Division of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elvin","family":"Gurbanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludmilla","family":"Bazin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"De Marco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Orthopedics Unit, Pediatric Surgery Service, Geneva University Hospitals, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1325-8575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar","family":"Vazquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Orthopedics Unit, Pediatric Surgery Service, Geneva University Hospitals, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Division of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Di Laura Frattura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Orthopedics Unit, Pediatric Surgery Service, Geneva University Hospitals, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina N.","family":"Steiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Orthopedics Unit, Pediatric Surgery Service, Geneva University Hospitals, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romain","family":"Dayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Orthopedics Unit, Pediatric Surgery Service, Geneva University Hospitals, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4038-4881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitri","family":"Ceroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Orthopedics Unit, Pediatric Surgery Service, Geneva University Hospitals, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.103B3.BJJ-2020-0936.R2","article-title":"Osteoarticular Infection in Children","volume":"103-B","author":"Coulin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bone Jt. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.11.025","article-title":"The Contemporary Bacteriologic Epidemiology of Osteoarticular Infections in Children in Switzerland","volume":"194","author":"Juchler","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20191509","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-1509","article-title":"Kingella kingae and Osteoarticular Infections","volume":"144","author":"Samara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0b013e3181d4732f","article-title":"Kingella kingae Osteoarticular Infections in Young Children: Clinical Features and Contribution of a New Specific Real-Time PCR Assay to the Diagnosis","volume":"30","author":"Ceroni","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis622","article-title":"Genotyping of Invasive Kingella kingae Isolates Reveals Predominant Clones and Association with Specific Clinical Syndromes","volume":"55","author":"Amit","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"974","article-title":"Septic Arthritis Caused by Kingella kingae","volume":"137","author":"Powell","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1086\/376913","article-title":"Immune Response to Invasive Kingella kingae Infections, Age-Related Incidence of Disease, and Levels of Antibody to Outer-Membrane Proteins","volume":"37","author":"Slonim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199508000-00005","article-title":"Respiratory Carriage of Kingella kingae among Healthy Children","volume":"14","author":"Yagupsky","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929-693X(07)80041-8","article-title":"Epidemiology and bacteriological diagnosis of paediatric acute osteoarticular infections","volume":"14","author":"Ferroni","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e318240cf8a","article-title":"Epidemiology of Invasive Kingella kingae Infections in 2 Distinct Pediatric Populations Cohabiting in One Geographic Area","volume":"31","author":"Amit","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(04)01046-1","article-title":"Kingella kingae: From Medical Rarity to an Emerging Paediatric Pathogen","volume":"4","author":"Yagupsky","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4180","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.11.4180-4184.2002","article-title":"Epidemiological Features of Invasive Kingella kingae Infections and Respiratory Carriage of the Organism","volume":"40","author":"Yagupsky","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-1867","article-title":"Kingella kingae: An Emerging Pathogen in Young Children","volume":"127","author":"Yagupsky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3181d57a6c","article-title":"Invasive Pediatric Kingella kingae Infections: A Nationwide Collaborative Study","volume":"29","author":"Ephros","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-3070","article-title":"Invasive Kingella kingae Infections in Children: Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics","volume":"122","author":"Scheuerman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.M.00791","article-title":"Primary Epiphyseal or Apophyseal Subacute Osteomyelitis in the Pediatric Population: A Report of Fourteen Cases and a Systematic Review of the Literature","volume":"96","author":"Ceroni","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s11832-016-0739-3","article-title":"Primary Subacute Hematogenous Osteomyelitis in Children: A Clearer Bacteriological Etiology","volume":"10","author":"Spyropoulou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Child. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cochard, B., Habre, C., Pralong-Guanziroli, N., Gavira, N., Di Laura Frattura, G., Di Marco, G., Steiger, C.N., De Coulon, G., Dayer, R., and Ceroni, D. (2023). Transphyseal Hematogenous Osteomyelitis: An Epidemiological, Bacteriological, and Radiological Retrospective Cohort Analysis. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11040894"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001673","article-title":"Pyogenic Tenosynovitis in Infants: A Case Series","volume":"36","author":"Lironi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"6586517","article-title":"Pediatric Infectious Prepatellar Bursitis with Kingella kingae","volume":"2020","author":"Pitts","year":"2020","journal-title":"Case Rep. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.12.144","article-title":"30 Years of Study of Kingella kingae: Post Tenebras, Lux","volume":"8","author":"Ceroni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193418764818","article-title":"Kingella kingae Hand and Wrist Tenosynovitis in Young Children","volume":"43","author":"Yagupsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Eur. Vol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3182868f17","article-title":"Pyogenic Flexor Tenosynovitis of the Finger Due to Kingella kingae","volume":"32","author":"Ceroni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)30955-X","article-title":"Septic Arthritis in Children","volume":"6","author":"Morrey","year":"1975","journal-title":"Orthop. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197658030-00017","article-title":"Suppurative Arthritis of the Hip in Children","volume":"58","author":"Morrey","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)30956-1","article-title":"Hematogenous Pyogenic Osteomyelitis in Children","volume":"6","author":"Morrey","year":"1975","journal-title":"Orthop. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Morrissey, R.T. (1996). Lovell and Winter\u2019s: Pediatric Orthopedics, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.189.1.8204132","article-title":"Diagnosis of Osteomyelitis: Utility of Fat-Suppressed Contrast-Enhanced MR Imaging","volume":"189","author":"Morrison","year":"1993","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47707-0","article-title":"Molecular Diagnosis of Kingella kingae Osteoarticular Infections by Specific Real-Time PCR Assay","volume":"58","author":"Cherkaoui","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199912000-00002","article-title":"Differentiating between Septic Arthritis and Transient Synovitis of the Hip in Children: An Evidence-Based Clinical Prediction Algorithm","volume":"81","author":"Kocher","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200306000-00002","article-title":"A Clinical Practice Guideline for Treatment of Septic Arthritis in Children: Efficacy in Improving Process of Care and Effect on Outcome of Septic Arthritis of the Hip","volume":"85","author":"Kocher","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200408000-00005","article-title":"Validation of a Clinical Prediction Rule for the Differentiation between Septic Arthritis and Transient Synovitis of the Hip in Children","volume":"86","author":"Kocher","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.E.00216","article-title":"Factors Distinguishing Septic Arthritis from Transient Synovitis of the Hip in Children. A Prospective Study","volume":"88","author":"Caird","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00028-14","article-title":"Kingella kingae: Carriage, Transmission, and Disease","volume":"28","author":"Yagupsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.07.033","article-title":"Prevalence of Kingella kingae Oropharyngeal Carriage and Predominance of Type a and Type b Polysaccharide Capsules among French Young Children","volume":"25","author":"Basmaci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.13337","article-title":"Low Prevalence of Kingella kingae Carriage in Children Aged 6-48 Months in Sydney, Australia","volume":"53","author":"Khatami","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child. Health"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.13287","article-title":"High Rate of Oropharyngeal Kingella kingae Carriage in New Zealand Children","volume":"52","author":"Olijve","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child. Health"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.13004","article-title":"The First Report on Epidemiology of Oropharyngeal Kingella kingae Carriage in Scandinavian Children: K. kingae Carriage Is Very Common in Children Attending Day Care Facilities in Western Norway","volume":"128","author":"Lillebo","year":"2020","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeMarco, G., Chargui, M., Coulin, B., Borner, B., Steiger, C., Dayer, R., and Ceroni, D. (2021). Kingella kingae Osteoarticular Infections Approached through the Prism of the Pediatric Orthopedist. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10010025"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2015.133","article-title":"Oropharyngeal Kingella kingae Carriage in Children: Characteristics and Correlation with Osteoarticular Infections","volume":"78","author":"Maggio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S86","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929-693X(07)80040-6","article-title":"Laboratory studies in pediatric bone and joint infections","volume":"14","author":"Lorrot","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"415","article-title":"Etiology of Thrombocytosis in a General Medicine Population: Analysis of 801 Cases with Emphasis on Infectious Causes","volume":"4","author":"Rose","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2010.08122.x","article-title":"Guideline for Investigation and Management of Adults and Children Presenting with a Thrombocytosis","volume":"149","author":"Harrison","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2001.tb00448.x","article-title":"Reactive Thrombocytosis in Children with Upper Urinary Tract Infections","volume":"90","author":"Garoufi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coulin, B., DeMarco, G., Vazquez, O., Spyropoulou, V., Gavira, N., Vendeuvre, T., Tabard-Foug\u00e8re, A., Dayer, R., Steiger, C., and Ceroni, D. (2022). Osteoarticular Infections in Children: Accurately Distinguishing between MSSA and Kingella kingae. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11010011"}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/11\/8\/2123\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:38:18Z","timestamp":1760128698000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/11\/8\/2123"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms11082123"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms11082123","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]]}}}