{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:31:25Z","timestamp":1792110685274,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sarcoidosis is a systemic inflammatory disease characterized by noncaseating epithelioid cell granulomas. However, certain infections can exhibit similar histological findings. We present a case of a 69-year-old man who was initially diagnosed with sarcoidosis and later was confirmed, through 16S rRNA sequencing, to have disseminated Mycobacterium genavense infection. Acid-fast bacteria were detected in the bone marrow biopsy using Ziehl\u2013Neelsen staining, but routine clinical tests did not provide a definitive diagnosis. The patient tested negative for HIV, anti-interferon-gamma antibodies, and genetic immunodeficiency disorders. He was treated with multiple drugs, including aminoglycosides and macrolides, but showed no improvement in fever and pancytopenia. However, these clinical signs responded favorably to steroid therapy. We reviewed 17 Japanese cases of M. genavense infection. All cases were in males; 7\/17 (41%) were HIV-negative; and 12\/17 (71%) had a decreased CD4 count. Genetic analysis confirmed M. genavense isolation, and macrolides were used universally. Mycobacterium genavense infection is challenging to identify and mimics other systemic inflammatory diseases such as sarcoidosis. There are no standard treatment protocols. Our case report and Japanese case review contribute to understanding this rare disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11092145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T10:09:53Z","timestamp":1692871793000},"page":"2145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Disseminated Mycobacterium genavense Infection Mimicking Sarcoidosis: A Case Report and Review of Literature on Japanese Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ryo","family":"Ogata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8338-0608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takashi","family":"Kido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuaki","family":"Takeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuki","family":"Nemoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyusyu 807-8556, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riko","family":"Heima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Genomics Center, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mami","family":"Takao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Genomics Center, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ritsuko","family":"Miyashita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mutsumi","family":"Ozasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takatomo","family":"Tokito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Okuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuya","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirokazu","family":"Yura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomohiro","family":"Koga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kunio","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0373-0618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shinnosuke","family":"Takemoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0696-5386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takahiro","family":"Takazono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4374-2894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Ishimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7577-476X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noriho","family":"Sakamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazumasa","family":"Fukuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyusyu 807-8556, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuka","family":"Sasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pulmonary Diseases, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Tokyo 204-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8838-7403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasushi","family":"Obase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuji","family":"Ishimatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8520, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2955-4432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuhiro","family":"Yatera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyusyu 807-8556, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koichi","family":"Izumikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Mukae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki 852-8501, 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