{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T18:45:08Z","timestamp":1792176308791,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":229,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The gut microbiota represents a community of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, archaea, viruses, and protozoa) that colonize the gut and are responsible for gut mucosal structural integrity and immune and metabolic homeostasis. The relationship between the gut microbiome and human health has been intensively researched in the past years. It is now widely recognized that gut microbial composition is highly responsible for the general health of the host. Among the diseases that have been linked to an altered gut microbial population are diarrheal illnesses and functional constipation. The capacity of probiotics to modulate the gut microbiome population, strengthen the intestinal barrier, and modulate the immune system together with their antioxidant properties have encouraged the research of probiotic therapy in many gastrointestinal afflictions. Dietary and lifestyle changes and the use of probiotics seem to play an important role in easing constipation and effectively alleviating diarrhea by suppressing the germs involved. This review aims to describe how probiotic bacteria and the use of specific strains could interfere and bring benefits as an associated treatment for diarrhea and constipation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11092177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T08:35:05Z","timestamp":1693298105000},"page":"2177","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Revisiting the Intestinal Microbiome and Its Role in Diarrhea and Constipation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2881-878X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihaela Adela","family":"Iancu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Profir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Elias University Emergency Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oana Alexandra","family":"Ro\u015fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Elias University Emergency Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruxandra Florentina","family":"Ionescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphological Sciences, Cell and Molecular Biology and Histology, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology I, \u201cDr. Carol Davila\u201d Central Military Emergency Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2575-4880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanda Maria","family":"Cretoiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphological Sciences, Cell and Molecular Biology and Histology, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0056-0740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogdan Severus","family":"Gaspar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgery Clinic, Emergency Clinical Hospital, 014461 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2019.00019","article-title":"Gut microbiota and chronic constipation: A review and update","volume":"6","author":"Ohkusa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625210","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.625210","article-title":"Gut microbiota and diarrhea: An updated review","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00875-0","article-title":"Microbiome definition re-visited: Old concepts and new challenges","volume":"8","author":"Berg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2023, August 12). Human Microbiome Project. Available online: https:\/\/hmpdacc.org."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2023, August 12). Nature.com: Microbiome. Available online: https:\/\/www.nature.com\/subjects\/microbiome."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20160510","article-title":"Introduction to the human gut microbiota","volume":"474","author":"Thursby","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14561","article-title":"Systematic review with meta-analysis: The worldwide prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"47","author":"Zamani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-015-0094-5","article-title":"The vocabulary of microbiome research: A proposal","volume":"3","author":"Marchesi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2016-311643","article-title":"What is the microbiome?","volume":"102","author":"Amon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Educ. Pract. Ed."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16431","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1419136111","article-title":"Rapid changes in the gut microbiome during human evolution","volume":"111","author":"Moeller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00974-4","article-title":"Microbiota in health and diseases","volume":"7","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal. Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0433-9","article-title":"Gut microbiota in human metabolic health and disease","volume":"19","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1264\/jsme2.ME17017","article-title":"Microbial ecology along the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"32","author":"Hillman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbes Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8787","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i29.8787","article-title":"Role of the normal gut microbiota","volume":"21","author":"Jandhyala","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-312288","article-title":"Management of Helicobacter pylori infection-the Maastricht V\/Florence Consensus Report","volume":"66","author":"Malfertheiner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000750","article-title":"Current understanding of dysbiosis in disease in human and animal models","volume":"22","author":"DeGruttola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.243","article-title":"Clinical effects of Helicobacter pylori outside the stomach","volume":"11","author":"Franceschi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1002\/jgh3.12528","article-title":"Gut microbiota dysbiosis in functional gastrointestinal disorders: Underpinning the symptoms and pathophysiology","volume":"5","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"JGH Open"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.11.024","article-title":"Our gut microbiome: The evolving inner self","volume":"171","author":"Kundu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-7-79","article-title":"Gut inflammation in chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Lakhan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00120","article-title":"The gut microbiota and autism spectrum disorders","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01219-0","article-title":"Intestinal dysbiosis exacerbates the pathogenesis of psoriasis-like phenotype through changes in fatty acid metabolism","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal. Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Zambare, V., Din, M.F.M.D., Gupta, P., and Prajapati, B.G. (2023). Advances in Probiotics for Health and Nutrition, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-021-00991-6","article-title":"Role of the gut microbiome in chronic diseases: A narrative review","volume":"76","author":"Vijay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ionescu, R.F., Enache, R., Cretoiu, S.M., and Gaspar, B.S. (2022). Gut microbiome changes in gestational diabetes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232112839"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856901","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.856901","article-title":"The interplay between gut microbiota and miRNAs in cardiovascular diseases","volume":"9","author":"Ionescu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-323071","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived metabolites as central regulators in metabolic disorders","volume":"70","author":"Agus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Das, B., and Singh, V. (2022). Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R76","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2014-15-6-r76","article-title":"Diarrhea in young children from low-income countries leads to large-scale alterations in intestinal microbiota composition","volume":"15","author":"Pop","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2010.123","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids and commensal microbiota in the faeces of severely malnourished children with cholera rehydrated with three different carbohydrates","volume":"64","author":"Monira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007609","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1007609","article-title":"Diarrhea with deficiency kidney-yang syndrome caused by adenine combined with Folium senna was associated with gut mucosal microbiota","volume":"13","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Peng, X., Qiao, B., Peng, M., Deng, N., Yu, R., and Tan, Z. (2022). Gut-kidney impairment process of adenine combined with folium sennae-induced diarrhea: Association with interactions between Lactobacillus intestinalis, Bacteroides acidifaciens and acetic acid, inflammation, and kidney function. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11203261"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Qiao, B., Cai, Y., Tan, Z., and Deng, N. (2023). Diarrhea accompanies intestinal inflammation and intestinal mucosal microbiota dysbiosis during fatigue combined with a high-fat diet. BMC Microbiol., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-02896-9"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533608329231","article-title":"Unraveling mechanisms of action of probiotics","volume":"24","author":"Sherman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aambs.2016.12.001","article-title":"Antivirulence properties of probiotics in combating microbial pathogenesis","volume":"98","author":"Nair","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.11.022","article-title":"Interactions between probiotics and pathogenic microorganisms in hosts and foods: A review","volume":"95","author":"Khaneghah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6129","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i40.6129","article-title":"Prebiotic UG1601 mitigates constipation-related events in association with gut microbiota: A randomized placebo-controlled intervention study","volume":"25","author":"Chu","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10322","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10835-8","article-title":"Dysbiosis contributes to chronic constipation development via regulation of serotonin transporter in the intestine","volume":"7","author":"Cao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197837","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2197837","article-title":"Effects of dietary fibers or probiotics on functional constipation symptoms and roles of gut microbiota: A double-blinded randomized placebo trial","volume":"15","author":"Lai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, H., Ge, X., Nie, Y., Yang, L., Ding, C., McFarland, L.V., Zhang, X., Chen, Q., Gong, J., and Li, N. (2017). Fecal microbiota transplantation in patients with slow-transit constipation: A randomized, clinical trial. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171308"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ohara, T. (2019). Identification of the microbial diversity after fecal microbiota transplantation therapy for chronic intractable constipation using 16s rRNA amplicon sequencing. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214085"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm.2014.20.1.31","article-title":"Methanogens, methane and gastrointestinal motility","volume":"20","author":"Triantafyllou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G1089","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00574.2004","article-title":"Methane, a gas produced by enteric bacteria, slows intestinal transit and augments small intestinal contractile activity","volume":"290","author":"Pimentel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01072.x","article-title":"The degree of breath methane production in IBS correlates with the severity of constipation","volume":"102","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557515","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.557515","article-title":"Gut microbiota composition changes in constipated women of reproductive age","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1801187","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201801187","article-title":"Abundance of probiotics and butyrate-production microbiome manages constipation via Short-Chain Fatty Acids production and hormones secretion","volume":"63","author":"Zhuang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.03.026","article-title":"Constipation and risk of cardiovascular disease among postmenopausal women","volume":"124","author":"Crawford","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.13489","article-title":"Constipation-induced pressor effects as triggers for cardiovascular events","volume":"21","author":"Ishiyama","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2010.01611.x","article-title":"Colonic motor dysfunction in human diabetes is associated with enteric neuronal loss and increased oxidative stress","volume":"23","author":"Chandrasekharan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31821eed83","article-title":"Prebiotics and oxidative stress in constipated rats","volume":"53","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13940","article-title":"Impact of constipation on progression of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A retrospective study","volume":"28","author":"Nakase","year":"2022","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00126-19","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00126-19","article-title":"Spatial and temporal analysis of the stomach and small-intestinal microbiota in fasted healthy humans","volume":"4","author":"Seekatz","year":"2019","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"GBD Diarrhoeal Diseases Collaborators (2017). Estimates of global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoeal diseases: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet Infect. Dis., 17, 909\u2013948."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"(2023, July 22). Uptodate. Pathogenesis of Acute Diarrhea in Children. Available online: https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/pathogenesis-of-acute-diarrhea-in-children?search=diarrhea%20pathogenesis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H1821777725."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"(2023, July 22). Uptodate. Approach to the Adult with Acute Diarrhea in Resource-Rich Settings. Available online: https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/approach-to-the-adult-with-acute-diarrhea-in-resource-rich-settings?search=chronic%20diarrhe&source=search_result&selectedTitle=5~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=5#H2184473810."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.10.014","article-title":"Pathophysiology, evaluation, and management of chronic watery diarrhea","volume":"152","author":"Camilleri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"387","article-title":"Approach to the adult patient with chronic diarrhea: A literature review","volume":"86","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Gastroenterol. Mex."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.02.031","article-title":"Bowel disorders","volume":"150","author":"Mearin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2012.06.007","article-title":"Functional diarrhea","volume":"41","author":"Tack","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Descoteaux-Friday, G.J., and Shrimanker, I. (2023). Chronic Diarrhea, StatPearls. Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK544337\/."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stecher, B. (2015). The roles of inflammation, nutrient availability and the commensal microbiota in enteric pathogen infection. Microbiol. Spectr., 3.","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.MBP-0008-2014"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"67","article-title":"Intolerancia a la lactosa","volume":"152","author":"Rosado","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gac. Med. Mex."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpgasthep1264","article-title":"Mechanisms of infectious diarrhea","volume":"5","author":"Navaneethan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2018.05.001","article-title":"Malabsorption syndromes","volume":"53","author":"Clark","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nurs. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"CD003048","article-title":"Probiotics for treating acute infectious diarrhoea","volume":"12","author":"Collinson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.1.1.11036","article-title":"Infectious diarrhea: Cellular and molecular mechanisms","volume":"1","author":"Hodges","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00006-15","article-title":"Global epidemiology of Campylobacter infection","volume":"28","author":"Kaakoush","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Baron, S. (1996). Medical Microbiology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.2002.02769.x","article-title":"Escherichia coli as a cause of diarrhea","volume":"17","author":"Hartland","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/155.3.377","article-title":"Escherichia coli that cause diarrhea: Enterotoxigenic, enteropathogenic, enteroinvasive, enterohemorrhagic, and enteroadherent","volume":"155","author":"Levine","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.21101\/cejph.a6740","article-title":"Travellers\u2019 diarrhoea\u2014Prevention, trends and role of microbiome","volume":"30","author":"Danis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samanta, I., and Bandyopadhyay, S. (2019). Antimicrobial Resistance in Agriculture, Academic Press Elsevier. Chapter 20.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815770-1.00032-8"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.001792-0","article-title":"Phylogenomic analyses of clostridia and identification of novel protein signatures that are specific to the genus Clostridium sensu stricto (cluster I)","volume":"59","author":"Gupta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1177\/1756283X12454590","article-title":"The intestinal microbiota dysbiosis and Clostridium difficile infection: Is there a relationship with inflammatory bowel disease?","volume":"6","author":"Bien","year":"2013","journal-title":"Therap. Adv. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.37897\/RMJ.2019.4.13","article-title":"Clostridium difficile infection after the treatment of acute pancreatitis","volume":"66","author":"Pirvulescu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ro. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faintuch, J., and Faintuch, S. (2019). Microbiome and Metabolome in Diagnosis, Therapy, and Other Strategic Applications, Academic Press Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815249-2.02001-7"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1177\/0897190013499521","article-title":"Epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"26","author":"Depestel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pract."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"e27624","article-title":"Do probiotics prevent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea?","volume":"14","author":"Abugoukh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.2007.01403.x","article-title":"Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea","volume":"37","author":"Elliott","year":"2007","journal-title":"Intern. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"20499361231154443","article-title":"Current understanding of antibiotic-associated dysbiosis and approaches for its management","volume":"10","author":"Kesavelu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716299","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.716299","article-title":"Mechanism of the gut microbiota colonization resistance and enteric pathogen infection","volume":"11","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.161.4.525","article-title":"Clostridium difficile\u2013associated diarrhea: A review","volume":"161","author":"Mylonakis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.49.1.375","article-title":"Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"49","author":"Kelly","year":"1998","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3702","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01810-15","article-title":"Infection with toxin A-negative, toxin B-negative, binary toxin-positive Clostridium difficile in a young patient with ulcerative colitis","volume":"53","author":"Androga","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.01.059","article-title":"Role of the intestinal microbiota in resistance to colonization by Clostridium difficile","volume":"146","author":"Britton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peterfreund, G.L., Vandivier, L.E., Sinha, R., Marozsan, A.J., Olson, W.C., Zhu, J., and Bushman, F.D. (2012). Succession in the gut microbiome following antibiotic and antibody therapies for Clostridium difficile. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0046966"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3114","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4114","article-title":"Antibiotic-induced shifts in the mouse gut microbiome and metabolome increase susceptibility to Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"5","author":"Theriot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Jong, H.K., Parry, C.M., van der Poll, T., and Wiersinga, W.J. (2012). Host-pathogen interaction in invasive Salmonellosis. PLoS Pathog., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002933"},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Ajmera, A., and Nadeem, S. (2023, June 22). Salmonella, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK555892\/."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1080\/21553769.2015.1051243","article-title":"Salmonella: A review on pathogenesis, epidemiology and antibiotic resistance","volume":"8","author":"Eng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00002-15","article-title":"Epidemiology, clinical presentation, laboratory diagnosis, antimicrobial resistance, and antimicrobial management of invasive Salmonella infections","volume":"28","author":"Crump","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2016.00038","article-title":"Cellular aspects of Shigella pathogenesis: Focus on the manipulation of host cell processes","volume":"6","author":"Killackey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)33296-8","article-title":"Shigellosis","volume":"391","author":"Kotloff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-020-00773-w","article-title":"Shigella flexneri: An emerging pathogen","volume":"65","author":"Nisa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1126\/science.272.5270.1910","article-title":"Lysogenic conversion by a filamentous phage encoding cholera toxin","volume":"272","author":"Waldor","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(81)80863-3","article-title":"Stool electrolyte content and purging rates in diarrhea caused by rotavirus, enterotoxigenic E. coli, and V. cholerae in children","volume":"98","author":"Molla","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12820","article-title":"Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome","volume":"505","author":"David","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13738","article-title":"Members of the human gut microbiota involved in recovery from Vibrio cholerae infection","volume":"515","author":"Hsiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16431-1","article-title":"Intestinal fungi are causally implicated in microbiome assembly and immune development in mice","volume":"11","author":"Pettersen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-310746","article-title":"Fungal microbiota dysbiosis in IBD","volume":"66","author":"Sokol","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.84.4.328","article-title":"Faecal candida and diarrhoea","volume":"84","author":"Forbes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00632335","article-title":"Role of Candida in indirect pathogenesis of antibiotic associated diarrhoea in infants","volume":"135","author":"Ponnuvel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v17i2.5","article-title":"Isolation and evaluation of Candida species and their association with CD4(+) T cells counts in HIV patients with diarrhoea","volume":"17","author":"Awoyeni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Afr. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"Chiejina, M., and Samant, H. (2023, June 22). Viral Diarrhea, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK470525\/."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10213","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.19.10213-10220.2004","article-title":"Pathogenesis of intestinal and systemic rotavirus infection","volume":"78","author":"Ramig","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(01)01475-7","article-title":"Pathogenesis of rotavirus diarrhea","volume":"3","author":"Lundgren","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S39","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taw086","article-title":"Gut microbiota-mediated protection against diarrheal infections","volume":"24","author":"Vogt","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Travel Med."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1222195","article-title":"Regulated virulence controls the ability of a pathogen to compete with the gut microbiota","volume":"336","author":"Kamada","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-017-1175-y","article-title":"Influence of diet on the gut microbiome and implications for human health","volume":"15","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altomare, A., Di Rosa, C., Imperia, E., Emerenziani, S., Cicala, M., and Guarino, M.P.L. (2021). Diarrhea Predominant-Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS-D): Effects of different nutritional patterns on intestinal dysbiosis and symptoms. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051506"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Rosa, C., Altomare, A., Terrigno, V., Carbone, F., Tack, J., Cicala, M., and Guarino, M.P.L. (2023). Constipation-predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS-C): Effects of different nutritional patterns on intestinal dysbiosis and symptoms. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15071647"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127152","article-title":"Residual chlorine disrupts the microbial communities and spreads antibiotic resistance in freshwater","volume":"423","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650150","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.650150","article-title":"Feeding pre-weaned calves with waste milk containing antibiotic residues is related to a higher incidence of diarrhea and alterations in the fecal microbiota","volume":"8","author":"Penati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0017222","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00172-22","article-title":"Dietary exposure to antibiotic residues facilitates metabolic disorder by altering the gut microbiota and bile acid composition","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23141","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23141","article-title":"Impact of 4-epi-oxytetracycline on the gut microbiota and blood metabolomics of Wistar rats","volume":"6","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Zhang, P., and Zhang, X. (2021). Probiotics regulate gut microbiota: An effective method to improve immunity. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26196076"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756284820971201","DOI":"10.1177\/1756284820971201","article-title":"Lactobacillus acidophilus LB: A useful pharmabiotic for the treatment of digestive disorders","volume":"13","author":"Troche","year":"2020","journal-title":"Therap. Adv. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.03.034","article-title":"In vitro inhibition of expression of virulence genes responsible for colonization and systemic spread of enteric pathogens using Bifidobacterium bifidum secreted molecules","volume":"156","author":"Bayoumi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen, B., Taibi, A., Villa, C.R., Lee, S.H., Sagaidak, S., and Comelli, E.M. (2019). Effects of Bifidobacterium bifidum in Mice Infected with Citrobacter rodentium. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7020051"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4939","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23180-1","article-title":"Probiotic Escherichia coli inhibits biofilm formation of pathogenic E. coli via extracellular activity of DegP","volume":"8","author":"Fang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2240","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.4.2240-2247.2004","article-title":"Probiotic bifidobacteria protect mice from lethal infection with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7","volume":"72","author":"Asahara","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.11","article-title":"Dose-response efficacy of a proprietary probiotic formula of Lactobacillus acidophilus CL1285 and Lactobacillus casei LBC80R for antibiotic-associated diarrhea and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea prophylaxis in adult patients","volume":"105","author":"Gao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"Cd006095","article-title":"Probiotics for the prevention of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults and children","volume":"12","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1177\/039463201402700120","article-title":"Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungemia, a possible consequence of the treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis with a probioticum","volume":"27","author":"Santino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"27","article-title":"Probiotics are effective at preventing Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Lau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Med."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00465.x","article-title":"Meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhea and the treatment of Clostridium difficile disease","volume":"101","author":"McFarland","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.02.003","article-title":"Timely use of probiotics in hospitalized adults prevents Clostridium difficile infection: A systematic review with meta-regression analysis","volume":"152","author":"Shen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4999","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i33.4999","article-title":"Efficacy of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in treatment of acute pediatric diarrhea: A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_129","first-page":"187","article-title":"Efficacy of probiotic use in acute rotavirus diarrhea in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Casp. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-200001000-00018","article-title":"Lactobacillus GG administered in oral rehydration solution to children with acute diarrhea: A multicenter European trial","volume":"30","author":"Guandalini","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-199711000-00005","article-title":"Oral bacterial therapy reduces the duration of symptoms and of viral excretion in children with mild diarrhea","volume":"25","author":"Guarino","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e300","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12617","article-title":"Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 effectively reduces the duration of acute diarrhoea in hospitalised children","volume":"103","author":"Dinleyici","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta. Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2014.10.009","article-title":"Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 shortens acute infectious diarrhea in a pediatric outpatient setting","volume":"91","author":"Dinleyici","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-017-9271-0","article-title":"The role of probiotics in the treatment of dysentery: A randomized double-blind clinical trial","volume":"9","author":"Sharif","year":"2017","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-322260","article-title":"Mucus barrier, mucins and gut microbiota: The expected slimy partners?","volume":"69","author":"Paone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114516004037","article-title":"Can probiotics modulate human disease by impacting intestinal barrier function?","volume":"117","author":"Bron","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6463","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-019-09978-7","article-title":"Adhesion mechanisms mediated by probiotics and prebiotics and their potential impact on human health","volume":"103","author":"Rastall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1159\/000496426","article-title":"Beneficial effects of probiotic consumption on the immune system","volume":"74","author":"Galdeano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00387","article-title":"Interactions of intestinal bacteria with components of the intestinal mucus","volume":"7","author":"Sicard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G613","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00341.2003","article-title":"Functional modulation of enterocytes by gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms","volume":"286","author":"Otte","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01798","article-title":"Probiotic mixture Glden Bifido prevents neonatal Escherichia coli K1 translocation via enhancing intestinal defense","volume":"8","author":"Zeng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12636","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69533-7","article-title":"Protective action of Bacillus clausii probiotic strains in an in vitro model of Rotavirus infection","volume":"10","author":"Paparo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.7.988","article-title":"Live probiotics protect intestinal epithelial cells from the effects of infection with enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC)","volume":"52","author":"Barrett","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12506","article-title":"Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers","volume":"500","author":"Nielsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274582","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2016.1274582","article-title":"Probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri has antifungal effects on oral Candida species in vitro","volume":"9","author":"Kragelund","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Oral Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2018.0066","article-title":"Mechanisms and immunomodulatory properties of pre- and probiotics","volume":"10","author":"Peters","year":"2019","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a010074","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a010074","article-title":"Probiotics: Properties, examples, and specific applications","volume":"3","author":"Behnsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7584","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i42.7584","article-title":"Diversity of bacterial lactase genes in intestinal contents of mice with antibiotics-induced diarrhea","volume":"23","author":"Long","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104798","article-title":"Potential role of probiotics in reducing Clostridioides difficile virulence: Interference with quorum sensing systems","volume":"153","author":"Gunaratnam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4745","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-7921","article-title":"Lactobacillus acidophilus modulates the virulence of Clostridium difficile","volume":"97","author":"Yun","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200002033420502","article-title":"Amylase-resistant starch plus oral rehydration solution for cholera","volume":"342","author":"Ramakrishna","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026650624193","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids inhibit fluid and electrolyte loss induced by cholera toxin in proximal colon of rabbit in vivo","volume":"44","author":"Rabbani","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12270","article-title":"The Effect of probiotics on gut microbiota during the Helicobacter pylori eradication: Randomized controlled trial","volume":"21","author":"Oh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5041417","article-title":"Fiber and prebiotics: Mechanisms and health benefits","volume":"5","author":"Slavin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2020.08.001","article-title":"Opportunities of prebiotics for the intestinal health of monogastric animals","volume":"6","author":"Azad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101507","article-title":"Gut microbiome, prebiotics, intestinal permeability and diabetes complications","volume":"35","author":"Snelson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/imcb.12409","article-title":"Impact of prebiotics on immune response: From the bench to the clinic","volume":"99","author":"Pujari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2001.01043.x","article-title":"A study of fructo oligosaccharides in the prevention of travellers\u2019 diarrhoea","volume":"15","author":"Cummings","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2009.120","article-title":"A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized human study assessing the capacity of a novel galacto-oligosaccharide mixture in reducing travellers\u2019 diarrhoea","volume":"64","author":"Drakoularakou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1177\/1756283X15607414","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation: In perspective","volume":"9","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Therap. Adv. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.11.010","article-title":"Efficacy of sterile fecal filtrate transfer for treating patients with Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"152","author":"Ott","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000046","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection: A systematic review","volume":"48","author":"Cammarota","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2013.59","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation for Clostridium difficile infection: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"108","author":"Kassam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1205037","article-title":"Duodenal infusion of donor feces for recurrent Clostridium difficile","volume":"368","author":"Vrieze","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001278","article-title":"ACG Clinical Guidelines: Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of Clostridioides difficile infections","volume":"116","author":"Kelly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11b","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/974573","article-title":"Epidemiology and burden of chronic constipation","volume":"25","author":"Sanchez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24938","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000024938","article-title":"The effect of probiotics on functional constipation in adults: Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"100","author":"Bergamaschi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0222-y","article-title":"Management of functional constipation in children and adults","volume":"17","author":"Vriesman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm.2012.18.1.94","article-title":"How to interpret a functional or motility test\u2014Colon transit study","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2013.03.016","article-title":"Chronic constipation: A critical review","volume":"45","author":"Basilisco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.061","article-title":"Functional bowel disorders","volume":"130","author":"Longstreth","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2023.03.214","article-title":"American Gastroenterological Association-American College of Gastroenterology Clinical Practice Guideline: Pharmacological management of chronic idiopathic constipation","volume":"164","author":"Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.3945\/an.116.014407","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of probiotics and the gastrointestinal microbiota on gut motility and constipation","volume":"8","author":"Dimidi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3346","article-title":"Mind-altering microorganisms: The impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour","volume":"13","author":"Cryan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2012.01906.x","article-title":"Microbes and the gut-brain axis","volume":"24","author":"Bercik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2009.00686.x","article-title":"Lactobacillus reuteri enhances excitability of colonic AH neurons by inhibiting calcium-dependent potassium channel opening","volume":"13","author":"Kunze","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4078","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.09-153841","article-title":"Luminal administration ex vivo of a live Lactobacillus species moderates mouse jejunal motility within minutes","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiosc.2010.05.016","article-title":"Effects of a probiotic fermented milk beverage containing Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota on defecation frequency, intestinal microbiota, and the intestinal environment of healthy individuals with soft stools","volume":"110","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biosci. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiosc.2011.12.016","article-title":"Effects of administration of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis GCL2505 on defecation frequency and bifidobacterial microbiota composition in humans","volume":"113","author":"Ishizuka","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biosci. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2012.05007.x","article-title":"Functional dysbiosis within the gut microbiota of patients with constipated-irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"35","author":"Chassard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm14048","article-title":"Change of fecal flora and effectiveness of the short-term VSL#3 probiotic treatment in patients with functional constipation","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.10.005","article-title":"Relationship between microbiota of the colonic mucosa vs feces and symptoms, colonic transit, and methane production in female patients with chronic constipation","volume":"150","author":"Parthasarathy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-016-2821-1","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota and chronic constipation","volume":"5","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00082.2014","article-title":"Structural changes in the gut microbiome of constipated patients","volume":"46","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. Genom."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2560","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2005.00230.x","article-title":"Interactions between commensal bacteria and gut sensorimotor function in health and disease","volume":"100","author":"Barbara","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v17.i12.1519","article-title":"Potential beneficial effects of butyrate in intestinal and extraintestinal diseases","volume":"17","author":"Canani","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.96.5.997","article-title":"An overview of the effects of dietary fiber on gastrointestinal transit","volume":"96","author":"Hillemeier","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams, B.A., Grant, L.J., Gidley, M.J., and Mikkelsen, D. (2017). Gut fermentation of dietary fibres: Physico-chemistry of plant cell walls and implications for health. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18102203"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114513001293","article-title":"Dietary fibre affects intestinal mucosal barrier function and regulates intestinal bacteria in weaning piglets","volume":"110","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sloan, T.J., Jalanka, J., Major, G.A.D., Krishnasamy, S., Pritchard, S., Abdelrazig, S., Korpela, K., Singh, G., Mulvenna, C., and Hoad, C.L. (2018). A low FODMAP diet is associated with changes in the microbiota and reduction in breath hydrogen but not colonic volume in healthy subjects. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201410"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1097\/SGA.0000000000000428","article-title":"Effects of Low-FODMAPS Diet on Irritable Bowel Syndrome Symptoms and Gut Microbiome","volume":"42","author":"Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-311339","article-title":"FODMAPs alter symptoms and the metabolome of patients with IBS: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"66","author":"McIntosh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.75","article-title":"Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics","volume":"14","author":"Gibson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11825","DOI":"10.1021\/jf404160e","article-title":"Stachyose-enriched \u03b1-galacto-oligosaccharides regulate gut microbiota and relieve constipation in mice","volume":"61","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2004.01918.x","article-title":"Prospective, randomized, parallel-group trial to evaluate the effects of lactulose and polyethylene glycol-4000 on colonic flora in chronic idiopathic constipation","volume":"19","author":"Bouhnik","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_196","first-page":"123","article-title":"Microbiota benefits after inulin and partially hydrolized guar gum supplementation: A randomized clinical trial in constipated women","volume":"27","author":"Logullo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6349","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S333887","article-title":"Common Inflammatory Mechanisms in COVID-19 and Parkinson\u2019s Diseases: The Role of Microbiome, Pharmabiotics and Postbiotics in Their Prevention","volume":"14","author":"Danilenko","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i14.2162","article-title":"Modulatory effects of Bifidobacterium longum BB536 on defecation in elderly patients receiving enteral feeding","volume":"19","author":"Kondo","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2011.584895","article-title":"Dose-response effect of Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 on whole gut transit time and functional gastrointestinal symptoms in adults","volume":"46","author":"Waller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6237","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.6237","article-title":"Effect of a fermented milk containing Bifidobacterium lactis DN-173010 on Chinese constipated women","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-022-01189-0","article-title":"The effect of multistrain probiotics on functional constipation in the elderly: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"76","author":"Mucalo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.01.005","article-title":"Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of the effects of probiotics on functional constipation in adults","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.04.008","article-title":"Influence of consumption of probiotics on the plasma lipid profile: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"21","author":"Guo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2017.04.004","article-title":"The effect of probiotics as a treatment for constipation in elderly people: A systematic review","volume":"71","author":"Cauli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_205","first-page":"w13239","article-title":"Synbiotic preparation in men suffering from functional constipation: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"141","author":"Fateh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Swiss Med. Wkly."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2012.08.010","article-title":"Effect of synbiotic in constipated adult women\u2014A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of clinical response","volume":"32","author":"Waitzberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_207","first-page":"387","article-title":"Role of synbiotics in the treatment of childhood constipation: A double-blind randomized placebo controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Khodadad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937212","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/937212","article-title":"The effect of probiotics on childhood constipation: A randomized controlled double blind clinical trial","volume":"2014","author":"Sadeghzadeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-017-9229-1","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of the effects of fecal microbiota transplantation in combination with soluble dietary fiber as a therapeutic regimen in slow transit constipation","volume":"61","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1989.tb136704.x","article-title":"Bowel-flora alteration: A potential cure for inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome?","volume":"150","author":"Borody","year":"1989","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00612-y","article-title":"Potential role of fecal microbiota from patients with slow transit constipation in the regulation of gastrointestinal motility","volume":"7","author":"Ge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_212","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2023, August 18). Important Safety Alert Regarding Use of Fecal Microbiota for Transplantation and Risk of Serious Adverse Reactions Due to Transmission of Multi-Drug Resistant Organisms, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/vaccines-blood-biologics\/safety-availability-biologics\/important-safety-alert-regarding-use-fecal-microbiota-transplantation-and-risk-serious-adverse."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-019-0708-9","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation for refractory diarrhea in immunocompromised diseases: A pediatric case report","volume":"45","author":"Zhong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-309618","article-title":"Stool consistency is strongly associated with gut microbiota richness and composition, enterotypes and bacterial growth rates","volume":"65","author":"Doris","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_215","unstructured":"Doyle, V.W., Shakti, B., Mayra, R.C., Ayan, P., Devon, H., Ming Da, Q., William, G.M., Jason, Y., Samuel, F., and Abigail, Z. (2021). The intestinal and oral microbiomes are robust predictors of COVID-19 severity. The main predictor of COVID-19-related fatality. medRxiv, 20249061."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siddiqui, R., Qaisar, R., Goswami, N., Khan, N.A., and Elmoselhi, A. (2021). Effect of Microgravity Environment on Gut Microbiome and Angiogenesis. Life, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/life11101008"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946248","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.946248","article-title":"Gut Microbiota, Leaky Gut, and Autoimmune Diseases","volume":"13","author":"Christovich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-014-3157-8","article-title":"Antibiotic Treatment of Constipation-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"59","author":"Pimentel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e3181c64c90","article-title":"A combination of rifaximin and neomycin is most effective in treating irritable bowel syndrome patients with methane on lactulose breath test","volume":"44","author":"Low","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1208344","article-title":"Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes","volume":"334","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0092-4","article-title":"An exclusive metabolic niche enables strain engraftment in the gut microbiota","volume":"557","author":"Shepherd","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.04.007","article-title":"Variation in microbiome LPS immunogenicity contributes to autoimmunity in humans","volume":"165","author":"Vatanen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7186","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i32.7186","article-title":"Modulation of microbiota as treatment for intestinal inflammatory disorders: An uptodate","volume":"22","author":"Gallo","year":"2016","journal-title":"World. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arslan, N., G\u00fcndo\u011fdu, A., Tunali, V., Topg\u00fcl, O.H., Beyazg\u00fcl, D., and Nalbanto\u011flu, \u00d6.U. (2022). Efficacy of AI-assisted personalized microbiome modulation by diet in functional constipation: A randomized controlled trial. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.06.27.22275875"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.5694\/mja17.00295","article-title":"Faecal microbiota transplantation for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials","volume":"207","author":"Moayyedi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E559","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.181193","article-title":"Diarrhea after fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection","volume":"191","author":"Krensky","year":"2019","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref_227","first-page":"S589","article-title":"Diarrhea after fecal microbiota transplantation and usefulness of commercial stool donor for C. difficile infection: Abstract no. 1362","volume":"110","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACG Annu. Meet. Abstr. Supp."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000472","article-title":"Treatment of slow transit constipation with fecal microbiota transplantation: A Pilot Study","volume":"50","author":"Tian","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infpip.2020.100069","article-title":"Regulation, risk and safety of faecal microbiota transplant","volume":"2","author":"Merrick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Prev. Pract."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/11\/9\/2177\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:41:30Z","timestamp":1760128890000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/11\/9\/2177"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]]},"references-count":229,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms11092177"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms11092177","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]]}}}