{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T20:33:07Z","timestamp":1792009987518,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"City of Oklahoma City"},{"name":"City of Tulsa"},{"name":"Oklahoma State Department of Health"},{"name":"Presbyterian Health Foundation"},{"name":"University of Oklahoma"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During the COVID-19 pandemic, wastewater surveillance was widely used to monitor temporal and geographical infection trends. Using this as a foundation, a statewide program for routine wastewater monitoring of gastrointestinal pathogens was established in Oklahoma. The results from 18 months of surveillance showed that wastewater concentrations of Salmonella, Campylobacter, and norovirus exhibit similar seasonal patterns to those observed in reported human cases (F = 4\u201329, p &lt; 0.05) and that wastewater can serve as an early warning tool for increases in cases, offering between one- and two-weeks lead time. Approximately one third of outbreak alerts in wastewater correlated in time with confirmed outbreaks of Salmonella or Campylobacter and our results further indicated that several outbreaks are likely to go undetected through the traditional surveillance approach currently in place. Better understanding of the true distribution and burden of gastrointestinal infections ultimately facilitates better disease prevention and control and reduces the overall socioeconomic and healthcare related impact of these pathogens. In this respect, wastewater represents a unique opportunity for monitoring infections in real-time, without the need for individual human testing. With increasing demands for sustainable and low-cost disease surveillance, the usefulness of wastewater as a long-term method for tracking infectious disease transmission is likely to become even more pronounced.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11092193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T09:48:15Z","timestamp":1693388895000},"page":"2193","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Using Wastewater Surveillance to Monitor Gastrointestinal Pathogen Infections in the State of Oklahoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Katrin Gaardbo","family":"Kuhn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rishabh","family":"Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Mannell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acute Diseases Division, Oklahoma State Department of Health, Oklahoma City, OK 73102, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4010-3253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grant M.","family":"Graves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. Caitlin","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Vogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Malloy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gargi","family":"Deshpande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Florea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA"},{"name":"Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen","family":"Shelton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9028-5390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erin","family":"Jeffries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kara B.","family":"De Le\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley","family":"Stevenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibbons, C.L., Mangen, M.-J.J., Plass, D., Havelaar, A.H., Brooke, R.J., Kramarz, P., Peterson, K.L., Stuurman, A.L., Cassini, A., and F\u00e8vre, E.M. 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