{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T21:28:44Z","timestamp":1792704524182,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":187,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea grant, funded by the Korean government (MSIT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2022R1C1C1004704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022R1C1C1004704"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea grant, funded by the Korean government (MSIT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["322088032SB010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["322088032SB010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014189","name":"Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2022R1C1C1004704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022R1C1C1004704"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014189","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014189","name":"Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["322088032SB010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["322088032SB010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014189","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (SFTS), caused by Dabie bandavirus (SFTSV), is an emerging infectious disease first identified in China. Since its discovery, infections have spread throughout East Asian countries primarily through tick bites but also via transmission between animals and humans. The expanding range of ticks, the primary vectors for SFTSV, combined with migration patterns of tick-carrying birds, sets the stage for the global spread of this virus. SFTSV rapidly evolves due to continuous mutation and reassortment; currently, no approved vaccines or antiviral drugs are available. Thus, the threat this virus poses to global health is unmistakable. This review consolidates the most recent research on SFTSV, including its molecular characteristics, transmission pathways through ticks and other animals, as well as the progress in antiviral drug and vaccine development, encompassing animal models and clinical trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11092309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T10:00:23Z","timestamp":1694685623000},"page":"2309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Emerging Tick-Borne Dabie bandavirus: Virology, Epidemiology, and Prevention"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Eun-Ha","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Study of Emerging and Re-Emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su-Jin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Life Science, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2015.301-315","article-title":"Tick-borne infections in human and animal population worldwide","volume":"8","author":"Duarte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00298","article-title":"Emerging Tick-Borne Viruses in the Twenty-First Century","volume":"7","author":"Mansfield","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1010095","article-title":"Fever with thrombocytopenia associated with a novel bunyavirus in China","volume":"364","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"NEJM"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1911.130792","article-title":"Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, South Korea, 2012","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit603","article-title":"The first identification and retrospective study of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in Japan","volume":"209","author":"Takahashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virs.2022.01.018","article-title":"A new luciferase immunoprecipitation system assay provided serological evidence for missed diagnosis of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome","volume":"37","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2021, September 30). KOSIS, Reported Cases of Infectious Diseases by Region (Incidence, Death). Available online: https:\/\/kosis.kr\/statHtml\/statHtml.do?orgId=177&tblId=TX_117523108&vw_cd=MT_ZTITLE&list_id=F_24_002&seqNo=&lang_mode=ko&language=kor&obj_var_id=&itm_id=&conn_path=MT_ZTITLE."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"National Institute of Infectious Diseases (2023, July 31). Summary of SFTS Cases Reported in the Surveillance of Infectious Diseases, Available online: https:\/\/www.niid.go.jp\/niid\/ja\/sfts\/3143-sfts.html."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir776","article-title":"Person-to-person transmission of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome bunyavirus through blood contact","volume":"54","author":"Gai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis748","article-title":"Human-to-human transmission of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome bunyavirus through contact with infectious blood","volume":"207","author":"Tang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, B., Zhou, B., Zhang, S., Zhu, Y., Han, L., Geng, Y., Jin, Z., Liu, H., Wang, D., and Zhao, Y. (2013). Clinical features and factors associated with severity and fatality among patients with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome Bunyavirus infection in Northeast China. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080802"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, S., Niu, G., Xu, X., Li, J., Zhang, X., Yin, H., Zhang, N., Jiang, X., Wang, S., and Liang, M. (2014). Age is a critical risk factor for severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111736"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis472","article-title":"Clinical progress and risk factors for death in severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome patients","volume":"206","author":"Gai","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e129531","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.129531","article-title":"Genetic and pathogenic diversity of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) in South Korea","volume":"5","author":"Yun","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3851","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1561","article-title":"Epidemiology and ecology of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in China, 2010\u20132018","volume":"73","author":"Miao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, Y.-Y., Zhuang, L., Liu, K., Sun, Y., Dai, K., Zhang, X.-A., Zhang, P.-H., Feng, Z.-C., Li, H., and Liu, W. (2020). Role of three tick species in the maintenance and transmission of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008368"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Bao, C., Hu, J., Liu, W., Wang, X., Zhang, L., Ji, Z., Feng, Z., Li, L., and Shen, A. (2016). Ecology of the tick-borne phlebovirus causing severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in an endemic area of China. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004574"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e320","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(20)30145-5","article-title":"Distribution of Haemaphysalis longicornis and associated pathogens: Analysis of pooled data from a China field survey and global published data","volume":"4","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Planet. Health."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2802.211532","article-title":"Rapid spread of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus by Parthenogenetic Asian Longhorned Ticks","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2505.181463","article-title":"Endemic severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, Vietnam","volume":"25","author":"Tran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2607.190611","article-title":"Serologic evidence of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus and related viruses in Pakistan","volume":"26","author":"Zohaib","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2015, June 11). Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (SFTS) Prevention Posters and Leaflets, Available online: https:\/\/www.kdca.go.kr\/gallery.es?mid=a20503020000&bid=0003&b_list=9&act=view&list_no=136860&nPage=97&vlist_no_npage=97&keyField=&keyWord=&orderby=."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"WHO (2018, February 06). 2018 Annual Review of Diseases Prioritized under the Research and Development Blueprint. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/blue-print\/2018-annual-review-of-diseases-prioritized-under-the-research-and-development-blueprint.pdf?sfvrsn=4c22e36_2."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2015.1848","article-title":"Detection of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus from wild animals and Ixodidae ticks in the republic of Korea","volume":"16","author":"Oh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2012.141013","article-title":"Prevalence of SFTSV among Asian house shrews and rodents, China, January\u2013August 2013","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiao, Y., Qi, X., Liu, D., Zeng, X., Han, Y., Guo, X., Shi, Z., Wang, H., and Zhou, M. (2015). Experimental and natural infections of goats with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus: Evidence for ticks as viral vector. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004092"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.05.001","article-title":"Seroprevalence and genetic characterization of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus in domestic goats in South Korea","volume":"5","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.696","article-title":"Serological and molecular survey of tick-borne zoonotic pathogens including severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus in wild boars in Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan","volume":"8","author":"Kirino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu564","article-title":"SFTS virus infection in nonhuman primates","volume":"211","author":"Jin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.041053-0","article-title":"Infection and pathogenesis of Huaiyangshan virus (a novel tick-borne bunyavirus) in laboratory rodents","volume":"93","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10053","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1120246109","article-title":"Pathogenesis of emerging severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus in C57\/BL6 mouse model","volume":"109","author":"Jin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02277-13","article-title":"The pathogenesis of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus infection in alpha\/beta interferon knockout mice: Insights into the pathologic mechanisms of a new viral hemorrhagic fever","volume":"88","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3964","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.797189","article-title":"Animal model of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus infection","volume":"12","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"baaa062","DOI":"10.1093\/database\/baaa062","article-title":"NCBI Taxonomy: A comprehensive update on curation, resources and tools","volume":"2020","author":"Schoch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Database"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03401814","article-title":"Emerging viruses: The Bunyaviridae","volume":"3","author":"Elliott","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0712-2","article-title":"Structure of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus L protein elucidates the mechanisms of viral transcription initiation","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.12.020","article-title":"The cap-snatching SFTSV endonuclease domain is an antiviral target","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-00501-8","article-title":"Structural insights into RNA polymerases of negative-sense RNA viruses","volume":"19","author":"Grimes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malet, H., Williams, H.M., Cusack, S., and Rosenthal, M. (2023). The mechanism of genome replication and transcription in bunyaviruses. PLoS Pathog., 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011060"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2019.12.006","article-title":"The cap-snatching mechanism of bunyaviruses","volume":"28","author":"Olschewski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5749","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa253","article-title":"Structural and functional characterization of the severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus L protein","volume":"48","author":"Vogel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E7564","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1705176114","article-title":"Structures of phlebovirus glycoprotein Gn and identification of a neutralizing antibody epitope","volume":"114","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4384","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02628-12","article-title":"Severe fever with thrombocytopenia virus glycoproteins are targeted by neutralizing antibodies and can use DC-SIGN as a receptor for pH-dependent entry into human and animal cell lines","volume":"87","author":"Hofmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2011.06.007","article-title":"DC-SIGN as a receptor for phleboviruses","volume":"10","author":"Lozach","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02141-13","article-title":"Non-muscle myosin heavy chain IIA is a critical factor contributing to the efficiency of early infection of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus","volume":"88","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5292","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00110-16","article-title":"Characterization of glycoprotein-mediated entry of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus","volume":"90","author":"Tani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drake, M.J., Brennan, B., Briley Jr, K., Bart, S.M., Sherman, E., Szemiel, A.M., Minutillo, M., Bushman, F.D., and Bates, P. (2017). A role for glycolipid biosynthesis in severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus entry. PLoS Pathog., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006316"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803788","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201803788","article-title":"Single-particle tracking reveals the sequential entry process of the bunyavirus Severe Fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.024240-0","article-title":"Amino acid changes within the Bunyamwera virus nucleocapsid protein differentially affect the mRNA transcription and RNA replication activities of assembled ribonucleoprotein templates","volume":"92","author":"Walter","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11307","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01460-09","article-title":"Mutational analysis of the Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus nucleocapsid protein gene","volume":"83","author":"Eifan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6829","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00672-13","article-title":"Structure of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus nucleocapsid protein in complex with suramin reveals therapeutic potential","volume":"87","author":"Jiao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22977","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-01985-x","article-title":"Subcellular localization of nucleocapsid protein of SFTSV and its assembly into the ribonucleoprotein complex with L protein and viral RNA","volume":"11","author":"Lokupathirage","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.2220\/biomedres.39.27","article-title":"Targeting of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus structural proteins to the ERGIC (endoplasmic reticulum Golgi intermediate compartment) and Golgi complex","volume":"39","author":"Lundu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00234-17","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00234-17","article-title":"Differential antagonism of human innate immune responses by tick-borne phlebovirus nonstructural proteins","volume":"2","author":"Rezelj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Msphere"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00706","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00706-18","article-title":"Two conserved amino acids within the NSs of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome phlebovirus are essential for anti-interferon activity","volume":"92","author":"Moriyama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1093\/jmcb\/mju015","article-title":"Viral suppression of innate immunity via spatial isolation of TBK1\/IKK\u03b5 from mitochondrial antiviral platform","volume":"6","author":"Ning","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0329-x","article-title":"Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome phlebovirus nonstructural protein activates TPL2 signalling pathway for viral immunopathogenesis","volume":"4","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castanier, C., Zemirli, N., Portier, A., Garcin, D., Bid\u00e8re, N., Vazquez, A., and Arnoult, D. (2012). MAVS ubiquitination by the E3 ligase TRIM25 and degradation by the proteasome is involved in type I interferon production after activation of the antiviral RIG-I-like receptors. BMC Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-10-44"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0288-3","article-title":"RIG-I-like receptors: Their regulation and roles in RNA sensing","volume":"20","author":"Rehwinkel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.03.022","article-title":"Ubiquitin-induced oligomerization of the RNA sensors RIG-I and MDA5 activates antiviral innate immune response","volume":"36","author":"Jiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, R., Jiang, Q., Zhou, X., Wang, C., Guan, Y., Tao, J., Xi, J., Feng, J.-M., and Jiang, Z. (2017). MAVS activates TBK1 and IKK\u03b5 through TRAFs in NEMO dependent and independent manner. PLoS Pathog., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006720"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00785","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.00785","article-title":"MAVS recruits multiple ubiquitin E3 ligases to activate antiviral signaling cascades","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"elife"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9691","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA120.013973","article-title":"A RIG-I\u2013like receptor directs antiviral responses to a bunyavirus and is antagonized by virus-induced blockade of TRIM25-mediated ubiquitination","volume":"295","author":"Min","year":"2020","journal-title":"JBC"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3067","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03510-13","article-title":"Evasion of antiviral immunity through sequestering of TBK1\/IKK\u03b5\/IRF3 into viral inclusion bodies","volume":"88","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2018.05.007","article-title":"Nonstructural protein of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome phlebovirus targets STAT2 and not STAT1 to inhibit type I interferon-stimulated JAK-STAT signaling","volume":"20","author":"Kitagawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4572","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03021-13","article-title":"Hijacking of RIG-I signaling proteins into virus-induced cytoplasmic structures correlates with the inhibition of type I interferon responses","volume":"88","author":"Santiago","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Ye, H., Li, S., Jiao, B., Wu, J., Zeng, P., and Chen, L. (2017). Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus inhibits exogenous Type I IFN signaling pathway through its NSs in vitro. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172744"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"e23931","article-title":"Transcriptional regulation by STAT1 and STAT2 in the interferon JAK-STAT pathway","volume":"2","author":"Mandhana","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAKSTAT"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv144","article-title":"Phylogenetic and geographic relationships of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus in China, South Korea, and Japan","volume":"212","author":"Yoshikawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2016.11.015","article-title":"Migration, recombination, and reassortment are involved in the evolution of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome bunyavirus","volume":"47","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19563","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19563","article-title":"Phylogeographic analysis of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus from Zhoushan Islands, China: Implication for transmission across the ocean","volume":"6","author":"Fu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2021.02.002","article-title":"Molecular evolution and genetic diversity analysis of SFTS virus based on next-generation sequencing","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosaf. Health"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.46","article-title":"Reassortment in segmented RNA viruses: Mechanisms and outcomes","volume":"7","author":"McDonald","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12426","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01317-12","article-title":"Discovery of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome bunyavirus strains originating from intragenic recombination","volume":"86","author":"He","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-020-00289-0","article-title":"Novel SFTSV phylogeny reveals new reassortment events and migration routes","volume":"36","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J.-W., Zhao, L., Luo, L.-M., Liu, M.-M., Sun, Y., Su, X., and Yu, X.-J. (2016). Molecular evolution and spatial transmission of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus based on complete genome sequences. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151677"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2001.1201","article-title":"A reassortant bunyavirus isolated from acute hemorrhagic fever cases in Kenya and Somalia","volume":"291","author":"Bowen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5627","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02448-05","article-title":"Batai and Ngari viruses: M segment reassortment and association with severe febrile disease outbreaks in East Africa","volume":"80","author":"Briese","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1803.111905","article-title":"Novel orthobunyavirus in Cattle, Europe","volume":"3","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02068-18","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02068-18","article-title":"M segment-based minigenomes and virus-like particle assays as an approach to assess the potential of tick-borne phlebovirus genome reassortment","volume":"93","author":"Rezelj","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2008.131857","article-title":"Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus in ticks collected from humans, South Korea, 2013","volume":"20","author":"Yun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05237-3","article-title":"Identification of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus genotypes in patients and ticks in Liaoning Province, China","volume":"15","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2405.151435","article-title":"Transmission of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus by Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks, China","volume":"24","author":"Zhuang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjz033","article-title":"Seasonal occurrence of Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) and Haemaphysalis flava, vectors of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) in South Korea","volume":"56","author":"Jung","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.04.021","article-title":"Morphological, biological and molecular characteristics of bisexual and parthenogenetic Haemaphysalis longicornis","volume":"189","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1093\/jipm\/pmaa019","article-title":"Exotic Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) in the United States: Biology, ecology, and strategies for management","volume":"11","author":"Schappach","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Integr. Pest Manag."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0047","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus in South Korea and migratory bird routes between China, South Korea, and Japan","volume":"93","author":"Yun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjy006","article-title":"Discovery of Haemaphysalis longicornis (Ixodida: Ixodidae) parasitizing a sheep in New Jersey, United States","volume":"55","author":"Rainey","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2023.102126","article-title":"Microhabitat modeling of the invasive Asian longhorned tick (Haemaphysalis longicornis) in New Jersey, USA","volume":"14","author":"Rochlin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"27","article-title":"Haemaphysalis longicornis: A tick of considerable veterinary importance, now established in North America","volume":"60","author":"Hutcheson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjac144","article-title":"First Detection of the Invasive Asian Longhorned Tick (Acari: Ixodidae) on Migratory Passerines in the Americas","volume":"59","author":"Pandey","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-019-0569-x","article-title":"Prevalence of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus in animals in Henan Province, China","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"US Department of Agriculture (USDA) (2021). National Haemaphysalis longicornis (Asian Longhorned Tick) Situation Report."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37205-2","article-title":"Potential spatial distribution of the newly introduced long-horned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis in North America","volume":"9","author":"Raghavan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1007\/s11756-021-00927-2","article-title":"Climate change impacts on ticks and tick-borne infections","volume":"77","author":"Nuttall","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biologia"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01200415","article-title":"Effects of temperature on development and growth in the tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis","volume":"3","author":"Yano","year":"1987","journal-title":"Exp. Appl. Acarol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2015.1035769","article-title":"Biology, ecology and distribution of the tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann (Acari: Ixodidae) in New Zealand","volume":"64","author":"Heath","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Z. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.12.007","article-title":"Haemaphysalis longicornis (Asian longhorned tick)","volume":"39","author":"Yabsley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vpoa.2019.100022","article-title":"Haemaphysalis longicornis: The life-cycle on dogs and cattle, with confirmation of its vector status for Theileria orientalis in Australia","volume":"277","author":"Marendy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05425-1","article-title":"The wild life of ticks: Using passive surveillance to determine the distribution and wildlife host range of ticks and the exotic Haemaphysalis longicornis, 2010\u20132021","volume":"15","author":"Thompson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5053","DOI":"10.21897\/rmvz.19","article-title":"Importance of ticks in the transmission of zoonotic agents","volume":"20","author":"Betancur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. MVZ C\u00f3rdoba"},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"Clay, K., and Fuqua, C. (2010). Critical Needs and Gaps in Understanding Prevention, Amelioration, and Resolution of Lyme and Other Tick-Borne Diseases: The Short-Term and Long-Term Outcomes, National Academies Press. Workshop Report."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, K., Cui, N., Fang, L.-Q., Wang, B.-J., Lu, Q.-B., Peng, W., Li, H., Wang, L.-Y., Liang, S., and Wang, H.-Y. (2014). Epidemiologic features and environmental risk factors of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, Xinyang, China. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002820"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, H., Wu, C., Lu, Q., Ding, Z., Xue, M., and Lin, J. (2020). Spatial-temporal characteristics of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome and the relationship with meteorological factors from 2011 to 2018 in Zhejiang Province, China. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008186"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, C., Lu, Y., Li, J., Chen, C., Wang, Y., Zheng, A., Zou, Z., and Xia, Q. (2023). Infection and transovarial transmission of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus in Rhipicephalus sanguineus on Hainan Island, China. Integr. Zool., 1\u20135.","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.12716"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1086\/319347","article-title":"Ticks and tick-borne bacterial diseases in humans: An emerging infectious threat","volume":"32","author":"Parola","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7322(75)90016-1","article-title":"Secretory coxal gland, active during apolysis in ixodid and argasid ticks (Acarina)","volume":"4","author":"Binnington","year":"1975","journal-title":"Int. J. Insect Morphol. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2110.150126","article-title":"Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks as reservoir and vector of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus in China","volume":"21","author":"Luo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0758","article-title":"Person-to-person transmission of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.11.006","article-title":"A cluster of cases of human-to-human transmission caused by severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome bunyavirus","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ128","article-title":"Nosocomial transmission of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in Korea","volume":"60","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2018.526","article-title":"A Case of Cat-to-Human Transmission of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus","volume":"72","author":"Kida","year":"2019","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2994","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2612.191513","article-title":"Direct transmission of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus from domestic cat to veterinary personnel","volume":"26","author":"Yamanaka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2014.10.006","article-title":"A cluster of person-to-person transmission cases caused by SFTS virus in Penglai, China","volume":"21","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2016.04.018","article-title":"Viral shedding from diverse body fluids in a patient with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome","volume":"80","author":"Jeong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0059","article-title":"A cluster of symptomatic and asymptomatic infections of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome caused by person-to-person transmission","volume":"97","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.08.008","article-title":"Human-to-human transmission of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus through potential ocular exposure to infectious blood","volume":"123","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andeobu, L., Wibowo, S., and Grandhi, S. (2022). Medical waste from COVID-19 pandemic\u2014A systematic review of management and environmental impacts in Australia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031381"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2604.191011","article-title":"Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, Japan, 2013\u20132017","volume":"26","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2019.2463","article-title":"Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome associated with manual de-ticking of domestic dogs","volume":"20","author":"Chung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofz309","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz309","article-title":"Shedding and Transmission Modes of Severe Fever With Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Phlebovirus in a Ferret Model","volume":"6","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4871","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S378558","article-title":"Infection of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus as a Cause of a Child\u2019s Fever of Unknown Origin: A Case Report","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, S.-W., Lee, C.-S., Kim, J.-H., Bae, I.-G., Moon, C., Kwak, Y.G., Kim, B.-N., Lee, J.H., Ryu, S.Y., and Jang, H.-C. (2019). Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome: Comparison with scrub typhus and clinical diagnostic prediction. BMC Infect. Dis., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-3773-1"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-10-187","article-title":"A reported death case of a novel bunyavirus in Shanghai, China","volume":"10","author":"Pan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3325","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00742-14","article-title":"Sensitive and specific PCR systems for detection of both Chinese and Japanese severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus strains and prediction of patient survival based on viral load","volume":"52","author":"Yoshikawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2011.09.031","article-title":"Early diagnosis of novel SFTS bunyavirus infection by quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay","volume":"53","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1806.06016","article-title":"Simple, rapid and sensitive portable molecular diagnosis of SFTS virus using reverse transcriptional loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP)","volume":"28","author":"Baek","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jang, W.S., Lim, D.H., Choe, Y.L., Nam, J., Moon, K.C., Kim, C., Choi, M., Park, I., Park, D.W., and Lim, C.S. (2022). Developing a multiplex loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay (LAMP) to determine severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) and scrub typhus. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0262302"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2023.133789","article-title":"Development and characterization of a digital CRISPR\/Cas13a based assay for rapid and sensitive diagnosis of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus","volume":"388","author":"Zuo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, B.J., Yoo, J.R., Heo, S.T., Kim, M., Lee, K.H., and Song, Y.-J. (2022). A CRISPR-Cas12a-based diagnostic method for multiple genotypes of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010666"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fukuma, A., Fukushi, S., Yoshikawa, T., Tani, H., Taniguchi, S., Kurosu, T., Egawa, K., Suda, Y., Singh, H., and Nomachi, T. (2016). Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus antigen detection using monoclonal antibodies to the nucleocapsid protein. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004595"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, X., Ding, S., Jiang, X., Pang, B., Zhang, Q., Li, C., Li, A., Li, J., Liang, M., and Wang, S. (2019). Detection of SFTS virus RNA and antibodies in severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome surveillance cases in endemic areas of China. BMC Infec. Dis., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4068-2"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12630","article-title":"Animal models for viral hemorrhagic fever","volume":"21S","author":"Falzarano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2019.08.010","article-title":"Mouse models as resources for studying infectious diseases","volume":"41","author":"Sarkar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0317-1","article-title":"Ferret animal model of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome phlebovirus for human lethal infection and pathogenesis","volume":"4","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, R., Kou, Z.-q., Wang, X.-r., Li, S.-h., Zhang, H.-l., Liu, Z.-w., Cheng, D., Wang, Z.-y., Yu, X.-J., and Wen, H.-l. (2020). Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus infection during pregnancy in C57\/BL6 mice causes fetal damage. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008453"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2212.160472","article-title":"Vertebrate host susceptibility to Heartland virus","volume":"22","author":"Calvert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00009","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00009-17","article-title":"Animal models of Zika virus infection, pathogenesis, and immunity","volume":"91","author":"Morrison","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1002\/cpmo.33","article-title":"A mouse model of West Nile virus infection","volume":"7","author":"Graham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00061-15","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00061-15","article-title":"Efficacy of T-705 (Favipiravir) in the treatment of infections with lethal severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus","volume":"1","author":"Tani","year":"2016","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00104","article-title":"Animal models of emerging tick-borne phleboviruses: Determining target cells in a lethal model of SFTSV infection","volume":"8","author":"Matsuno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s42826-020-00070-0","article-title":"Pathogenicity of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus in mice regulated in type I interferon signaling","volume":"36","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lab. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gowen, B.B., Westover, J.B., Miao, J., Van Wettere, A.J., Rigas, J.D., Hickerson, B.T., Jung, K.-H., Li, R., Conrad, B.L., and Nielson, S. (2017). Modeling severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus infection in golden Syrian hamsters: Importance of STAT2 in preventing disease and effective treatment with favipiravir. Virol. J., 91.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01942-16"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoshikawa, R., Sakabe, S., Urata, S., and Yasuda, J. (2019). Species-specific pathogenicity of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus is determined by anti-STAT2 activity of NSs. Virol. J., 93.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02226-18"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, S., Jiang, N., Nawaz, W., Liu, B., Zhang, F., Liu, Y., Wu, X., and Wu, Z. (2021). Infection of humanized mice with a novel phlebovirus presented pathogenic features of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome. PLoS Pathog., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009587"},{"key":"ref_146","unstructured":"(2017, January 01). Charles River, HuPBMC-NCG Mouse. Available online: https:\/\/www.criver.com\/products-services\/find-model\/hupbmc-ncg-mouse?region=3616."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11990","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48317-8","article-title":"Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome phlebovirus causes lethal viral hemorrhagic fever in cats","volume":"9","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_148","unstructured":"Clingerman, K.J., Fox, J.G., and Walke, M. (1991). Ferrets as Laboratory Animals: A bibliography."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)78541-2","article-title":"A virus obtained from influenza patients","volume":"222","author":"Smith","year":"1933","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.03.017","article-title":"Ferret models of viral pathogenesis","volume":"479","author":"Enkirch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1038\/425915a","article-title":"Virology: SARS virus infection of cats and ferrets","volume":"425","author":"Martina","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.03.023","article-title":"Infection and Rapid Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Ferrets","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1997.58.11.1327","article-title":"Pathogenesis of experimentally induced rabies in domestic ferrets","volume":"58","author":"Niezgoda","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bossart, K.N., Zhu, Z., Middleton, D., Klippel, J., Crameri, G., Bingham, J., McEachern, J.A., Green, D., Hancock, T.J., and Chan, Y.-P. (2009). A neutralizing human monoclonal antibody protects against lethal disease in a new ferret model of acute nipah virus infection. PLoS Pathog., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000642"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens3040845","article-title":"Animal models for influenza viruses: Implications for universal vaccine development","volume":"3","author":"Margine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.08.005","article-title":"Molecular detection of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) in feral cats from Seoul, Korea","volume":"8","author":"Hwang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ando, T., Nabeshima, T., Inoue, S., Tun, M.M.N., Obata, M., Hu, W., Shimoda, H., Kurihara, S., Izumikawa, K., and Morita, K. (2021). Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in cats and its prevalence among veterinarian staff members in Nagasaki, Japan. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13061142"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.1.1.9","article-title":"Inactivated hepatitis A vaccine: Immunogenicity, efficacy, safety and review of official recommendations for use","volume":"1","author":"Andre","year":"2002","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2074","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2074","article-title":"Inactivation methods for whole influenza vaccine production","volume":"29","author":"Sabbaghi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2021.12.008","article-title":"Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of an inactivated SFTS vaccine candidate in mice","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biosaf. Health"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.12.38","article-title":"Inactivated virus vaccines from chemistry to prophylaxis: Merits, risks and challenges","volume":"11","author":"Delrue","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2020.01.006","article-title":"DNA vaccines: Prime time is now","volume":"65","author":"Gary","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, J.-G., Jeon, K., Choi, H., Kim, Y., Kim, H.-I., Ro, H.-J., Seo, Y.B., Shin, J., Chung, J., and Jeon, Y.K. (2020). Vaccination with single plasmid DNA encoding IL-12 and antigens of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus elicits complete protection in IFNAR knockout mice. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007813"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3836","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11815-4","article-title":"Development of a SFTSV DNA vaccine that confers complete protection against lethal infection in ferrets","volume":"10","author":"Kwak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-018-0096-y","article-title":"Single dose of a rVSV-based vaccine elicits complete protection against severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus","volume":"4","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"npj Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4152","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0406671102","article-title":"Genetically stable and fully effective smallpox vaccine strain constructed from highly attenuated vaccinia LC16m8","volume":"102","author":"Kidokoro","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11873","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.18.11873-11891.2005","article-title":"An attenuated LC16m8 smallpox vaccine: Analysis of full-genome sequence and induction of immune protection","volume":"79","author":"Morikawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir527","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of LC16m8, an attenuated smallpox vaccine in vaccinia-naive adults","volume":"204","author":"Kennedy","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoshikawa, T., Taniguchi, S., Kato, H., Iwata-Yoshikawa, N., Tani, H., Kurosu, T., Fujii, H., Omura, N., Shibamura, M., and Watanabe, S. (2021). A highly attenuated vaccinia virus strain LC16m8-based vaccine for severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome. PLoS Pathog., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008859"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01473","article-title":"Recombinant human adenovirus type 5 Co-expressing RABV G and SFTSV Gn induces protective immunity against rabies virus and severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus in mice","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26900","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1914704116","article-title":"Cross-genotype protection of live-attenuated vaccine candidate for severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus in a ferret model","volume":"116","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.2183\/pjab.93.027","article-title":"Favipiravir (T-705), a broad spectrum inhibitor of viral RNA polymerase","volume":"93","author":"Furuta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Jpn. Acad. Ser. B"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S750","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/11.Supplement_4.S750","article-title":"Prospects for treatment of viral hemorrhagic fevers with ribavirin, a broad-spectrum antiviral drug","volume":"11","author":"Huggins","year":"1989","journal-title":"Rev. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-019-0214-z","article-title":"Calcium channel blockers reduce severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) related fatality","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2018.10.013","article-title":"2\u2032-Fluoro-2\u2032-deoxycytidine is a broad-spectrum inhibitor of bunyaviruses in vitro and in phleboviral disease mouse models","volume":"160","author":"Smee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2017.10.008","article-title":"Identification of 2\u2032-deoxy-2\u2032-fluorocytidine as a potent inhibitor of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus replication using a recombinant fluorescent reporter virus","volume":"147","author":"Welch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104712","article-title":"Potent in vitro activity of \u03b2-D-4\u2032-chloromethyl-2\u2032-deoxy-2\u2032-fluorocytidine against Nipah virus","volume":"175","author":"Lo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_178","unstructured":"National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China (2011). Guideline for prevention and treatment of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (2010 version). Chin. J. Clin. Infect. Dis., 4, 193\u2013194."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, G., Sun, S., Zhou, S., Li, L., Li, X., Zou, G., Huang, C., Li, J., and Zhang, Z. (2023). A new model for predicting the outcome and effectiveness of drug therapy in patients with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome: A multicenter Chinese study. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011158"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89119","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.19163","article-title":"Risk factors associated with fatality of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome: A meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30293-7","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical features of laboratory-diagnosed severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in China, 2011\u20132017: A prospective observational study","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit530","article-title":"Case-fatality ratio and effectiveness of ribavirin therapy among hospitalized patients in china who had severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome","volume":"57","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3516","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26544","article-title":"Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in Hefei: Clinical features, risk factors, and ribavirin therapeutic efficacy","volume":"93","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00541-3","article-title":"Clinical effect and antiviral mechanism of T-705 in treating severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13063","article-title":"Early antiviral treatment contributes to alleviate the severity and improve the prognosis of patients with novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19)","volume":"288","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e83","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.22104","article-title":"Confirmed cases of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in companion cats with a history of tick exposure in the Republic of Korea","volume":"23","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-022-09979-4","article-title":"Clinical features and epidemiology of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in dogs in the Republic of Korea: An observational study (2019\u20132020)","volume":"46","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/11\/9\/2309\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:50:15Z","timestamp":1760129415000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/11\/9\/2309"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]]},"references-count":187,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms11092309"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms11092309","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]]}}}