{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T21:42:10Z","timestamp":1790286130998,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["2021M692233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M692233"]}]},{"name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["2022-NLTS-19-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-NLTS-19-03"]}]},{"name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["U1808202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1808202"]}]},{"name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["31961143024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31961143024"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Liaoning Province","award":["2021M692233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M692233"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Liaoning Province","award":["2022-NLTS-19-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-NLTS-19-03"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Liaoning Province","award":["U1808202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1808202"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Liaoning Province","award":["31961143024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31961143024"]}]},{"name":"State Key Program of National Natural Science of China","award":["2021M692233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M692233"]}]},{"name":"State Key Program of National Natural Science of China","award":["2022-NLTS-19-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-NLTS-19-03"]}]},{"name":"State Key Program of National Natural Science of China","award":["U1808202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1808202"]}]},{"name":"State Key Program of National Natural Science of China","award":["31961143024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31961143024"]}]},{"name":"NSFC International (regional) cooperation and exchange program","award":["2021M692233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M692233"]}]},{"name":"NSFC International (regional) cooperation and exchange program","award":["2022-NLTS-19-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-NLTS-19-03"]}]},{"name":"NSFC International (regional) cooperation and exchange program","award":["U1808202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1808202"]}]},{"name":"NSFC International (regional) cooperation and exchange program","award":["31961143024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31961143024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Brucella type IV secretion system (T4SS) can promote the intracellular survival and reproduction of Brucella. T4SS secretes effector proteins to act on cellular signaling pathways to inhibit the host\u2019s innate immune response and cause a chronic, persistent Brucella infection. Brucella can survive in host cells for a long time by inhibiting macrophage apoptosis and avoiding immune recognition. The effector protein, BspF, secreted by T4SS, can regulate host secretory transport and accelerate the intracellular replication of Brucella. BspF has an acetyltransferase domain of the GNAT (GCN5-related N-acetyltransferases) family, and in our previous crotonylation proteomics data, we have found that BspF has crotonyl transferase activity and crotonylation regulation of host cell protein in the proteomics data. Here, we found that BspF attenuates the crotonylation modification of the interacting protein p53, which reduces the p53 expression through the GNAT domain. BspF can inhibit the transcription and protein expression of downstream apoptotic genes, thereby inhibiting host cell apoptosis. Additionally, the Brucella \u0394bspF mutant stain promotes apoptosis and reduces the survival rate of Brucella in the cells. In conclusion, we identified that the T4SS effector protein BspF can regulate host cell apoptosis to assist Brucella in its long-term survival by attenuating crotonylation modification of p53 and decreasing p53 expression. Our findings reveal a unique mechanism of elucidating how Brucella regulates host cell apoptosis and promotes its proliferation through the secretion of effector proteins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11092322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T03:50:10Z","timestamp":1694749810000},"page":"2322","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The Brucella Effector Protein BspF Regulates Apoptosis through the Crotonylation of p53"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ruiqi","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Disease, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang 110866, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Disease, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang 110866, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuzhuo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Disease, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang 110866, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruitong","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of 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China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengfei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Disease, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang 110866, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Disease, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang 110866, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinling","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of 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Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang 110866, China"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-090110-102905","article-title":"Interactions of the human pathogenic Brucella species with their hosts","volume":"65","author":"Atluri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. 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