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Widespread antimicrobial use, particularly in intensively produced livestock (e.g., poultry and pigs) may contribute to the rise of multidrug-resistant Salmonella strains. Alternative treatments such as bacteriophages have shown promise when used to reduce the intestinal carriage of Salmonella in livestock. However, the digestive enzymes and low pH encountered in the monogastric GI tract can significantly reduce phage viability and impact therapeutic outcomes. This study deployed alginate\u2013carrageenan microcapsules with and without CaCO3 to protect a genomically diverse set of five Salmonella bacteriophages from simulated gastrointestinal conditions. None of the unprotected phage could be recovered following exposure to pH &lt; 3 for 10 min. Alginate\u2013carrageenan encapsulation improved phage viability at pH 2\u20132.5 after exposure for 10 min, but not at pH 2 after 1 h. Including 1% (w\/v) CaCO3 in the formulation further reduced phage loss to &lt;0.5 log10 PFU\/mL, even after 1 h at pH 2. In all cases, phage were efficiently released from the microcapsules following a shift to a neutral pH (7.5), simulating passage to the duodenum. In summary, alginate\u2013carrageenan-CaCO3 encapsulation is a promising approach for targeted intestinal delivery of genomically diverse Salmonella bacteriophages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11102389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T02:31:29Z","timestamp":1695695489000},"page":"2389","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Efficacy of Different Encapsulation Techniques on the Viability and Stability of Diverse Phage under Simulated Gastric Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7626-4796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sicelo B.","family":"Dlamini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Mpumalanga, Nelspruit 1200, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4190-0227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriano M.","family":"Gigante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven P. T.","family":"Hooton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Atterbury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global Burden of Bacterial Antimicrobial Resistance in 2019: A Systematic Analysis","volume":"399","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3390\/jox11040013","article-title":"Review on Multiple Facets of Drug Resistance: A Rising Challenge in the 21st Century","volume":"11","author":"Saha","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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