{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T16:12:08Z","timestamp":1774973528370,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]],"date-time":"2023-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696377600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"USDA CRIS Diagnostic and mitigation strategies to control tuberculosis in cattle and wildlif","award":["#3625-32000-232-OOD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#3625-32000-232-OOD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In many parts of the world, bovine tuberculosis eradication efforts are hampered by wildlife reservoirs of Mycobacterium bovis, which serve as a constant source of M. bovis for nearby cattle. The human tuberculosis vaccine, M. bovis BCG has been investigated for use in several wildlife species, including deer. In the US, white-tailed deer in Michigan have been the source of infection for over 82 cattle herds since M. bovis was discovered in free-ranging deer in 1995. The efficacy of BCG may be influenced by many factors, including prior exposure or infection with non-tuberculous mycobacteria, that is, species other than members of the M. tuberculosis complex. M. avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) infection is not uncommon in ruminants such as deer. Using natural exposure to Map and experimental infection with M. bovis, we demonstrate that Map infection increased BCG vaccine efficacy as measured by lesion severity scores.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11102488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]],"date-time":"2023-10-04T07:47:52Z","timestamp":1696405672000},"page":"2488","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Vaccination of White-Tailed Deer with Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin (BCG): Effect of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5902-3333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitchell V.","family":"Palmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6024-7580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carly","family":"Kanipe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA"},{"name":"Immunobiology Graduate Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1800 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50010, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2795-988X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimberly A.","family":"Lehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6779-7649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tyler C.","family":"Thacker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7510-5710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellie J.","family":"Putz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paola M.","family":"Boggiatto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gopinath, K., and Singh, S. 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