{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T05:38:14Z","timestamp":1790660294336,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,7]],"date-time":"2023-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Pereira","award":["5-14-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5-14-1"]}]},{"name":"Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Pereira","award":["5-11-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5-11-3"]}]},{"name":"Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Pereira","award":["111056934589"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111056934589"]}]},{"name":"Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Pereira","award":["469-2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["469-2013"]}]},{"name":"COLCIENCIAS","award":["5-14-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5-14-1"]}]},{"name":"COLCIENCIAS","award":["5-11-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5-11-3"]}]},{"name":"COLCIENCIAS","award":["111056934589"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111056934589"]}]},{"name":"COLCIENCIAS","award":["469-2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["469-2013"]}]},{"name":"Universidad del Quind\u00edo","award":["5-14-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5-14-1"]}]},{"name":"Universidad del Quind\u00edo","award":["5-11-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5-11-3"]}]},{"name":"Universidad del Quind\u00edo","award":["111056934589"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111056934589"]}]},{"name":"Universidad del Quind\u00edo","award":["469-2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["469-2013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ocular toxoplasmosis (OT) is characterized by inflammation within the eye and is the most recognized clinical manifestation of toxoplasmosis. The objective of this study was to identify new single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the P2RX7 gene that may have significance in the immune response to OT in Colombian patients. A case\u2013control study was conducted to investigate the associations between SNPs (rs1718119 and rs2230912) in the P2RX7 gene and OT in 64 Colombian patients with OT and 64 controls. Capillary electrophoresis was used to analyze the amplification products, and in silico algorithms were employed to predict deleterious SNPs. Stability analysis of amino acid changes indicated that both mutations could lead to decreased protein structure stability. A nonsynonymous SNP, Gln460Arg, located in the long cytoplasmic tail of the receptor, showed a significant association with OT (Bonferroni correction (BONF) = 0.029; odds ratio OR = 3.46; confidence interval CI: 1.05 to 11.39), while no significant association between rs1718119 and OT risk was observed. Based on the 3D structure analysis of the P2RX7 protein trimer, it is hypothesized that an increase in the flexibility of the cytoplasmic domain of this receptor could alter its function. This SNP could potentially serve as a biomarker for identifying Colombian patients at risk of OT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11102508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,7]],"date-time":"2023-10-07T14:17:26Z","timestamp":1696688246000},"page":"2508","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Genetic Variations in the Purinergic P2X7 Receptor Are Associated with the Immune Response to Ocular Toxoplasmosis in Colombia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9398-7443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos A.","family":"Naranjo-Galvis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Manizales, Manizales 170002, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rima","family":"McLeod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Pediatrics (Infectious Diseases), The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge Enrique","family":"G\u00f3mez-Mar\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo GEPAMOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidad del Quind\u00edo, Armenia 630001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0684-1989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandra","family":"de-la-Torre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo GEPAMOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidad del Quind\u00edo, Armenia 630001, Colombia"},{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Neurociencias (NeURos), Neurovitae Research Center, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogot\u00e1 110111, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4602-6121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian","family":"Rocha-Roa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo GEPAMOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidad del Quind\u00edo, Armenia 630001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6967-165X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N\u00e9stor","family":"Cardona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo GEPAMOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidad del Quind\u00edo, Armenia 630001, Colombia"},{"name":"Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda, Universidad Antonio Nari\u00f1o, Armenia 630004, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5410-5997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Sep\u00falveda-Arias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo Infecci\u00f3n e Inmunidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Pereira, Pereira 660003, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"256","article-title":"Construction and Evaluation of the Toxoplasma Gondii DNA Vaccine Targeting DEC-205","volume":"42","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pak. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2023.100217","article-title":"The Landscape of Parasitic Infections in the United States","volume":"36","author":"Mathison","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"3","article-title":"A Latent Pathogen Infection Classification System That Would Significantly Increase Healthcare Safety","volume":"1","author":"Roe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.02.015","article-title":"Ocular Involvement Following Postnatally Acquired Toxoplasma Gondii Infection in Southern Brazil: A 28-Year Experience","volume":"159","author":"Arantes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2008.219","article-title":"Incidence and Clinical Characteristics in a Colombian Cohort of Ocular Toxoplasmosis","volume":"23","author":"Publishers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2013.823214","article-title":"Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and the Future of Ocular Toxoplasmosis","volume":"22","author":"Kijlstra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00597-17","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00597-17","article-title":"Genetic Polymorphisms in Cytokine Genes in Colombian Patients with Ocular Toxoplasmosis","volume":"86","author":"McLeod","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11496","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10675-6","article-title":"Toxoplasma Modulates Signature Pathways of Human Epilepsy, Neurodegeneration & Cancer","volume":"7","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762009000200006","article-title":"Host genetic and epigenetic factors in toxoplasmosis","volume":"104","author":"Jamieson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo. Cruz."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"e00055-20","article-title":"P2RX7 at the Host-Pathogen Interface of Infectious Diseases","volume":"85","author":"Soare","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMR"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0282-0","article-title":"The Purinergic Receptor P2RX7 Directs Metabolic Fitness of Long-Lived Memory CD8+ T Cells","volume":"559","author":"Beura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.06.020","article-title":"The P2X7 Receptor in Infection and Inflammation","volume":"47","author":"Sarti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burnstock, G., and Verkhratsky, A. (2012). Purinergic Signalling and the Nervous System, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-28863-0"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2016.75","article-title":"P2X7 Receptor-Dependent Tuning of Gut Epithelial Responses to Infection","volume":"95","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7040","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1000012","article-title":"P2X7 Receptor-Mediated Killing of an Intracellular Parasite, Toxoplasma Gondii, by Human and Murine Macrophages","volume":"184","author":"Lees","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2010.03.004","article-title":"Activation of the P2X7 Receptor Triggers the Elimination of Toxoplasma Gondii Tachyzoites from Infected Macrophages","volume":"12","author":"Vommaro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1838(00)00114-4","article-title":"Dr. Jekyll\/Mr. Hyde: The Dual Role of Extracellular ATP","volume":"81","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Auton. Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2438","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddl166","article-title":"P2RX7, a Gene Coding for a Purinergic Ligand-Gated Ion Channel, Is Associated with Major Depressive Disorder","volume":"15","author":"Lucae","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1038\/gene.2010.31","article-title":"Evidence for Associations between the Purinergic Receptor P2X 7 (P2RX7) and Toxoplasmosis","volume":"11","author":"Jamieson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genes. Immun."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.03.005","article-title":"Ocular Cytokinome Is Linked to Clinical Characteristics in Ocular Toxoplasmosis","volume":"68","author":"Pfaff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.8.12.1229","article-title":"A DNA Polymorphism Discovery Resource for Research on Human Genetic Variation","volume":"8","author":"Collins","year":"1998","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.137323.112","article-title":"Annotation of Functional Variation in Personal Genomes Using RegulomeDB","volume":"22","author":"Boyle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"531","article-title":"Protein identification and analysis tools in the ExPASy server","volume":"112","author":"Wilkins","year":"1999","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W452","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks539","article-title":"SIFT Web Server: Predicting Effects of Amino Acid Substitutions on Proteins","volume":"40","author":"Sim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth0410-248","article-title":"A Method and Server for Predicting Damaging Missense Mutations","volume":"7","author":"Adzhubei","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv195","article-title":"PROVEAN Web Server: A Tool to Predict the Functional Effect of Amino Acid Substitutions and Indels","volume":"31","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Capriotti, E., Calabrese, R., Fariselli, P., Martelli, P.L., Altman, R.B., and Casadio, R. (2013). WS-SNPs&GO: A Web Server for Predicting the Deleterious Effect of Human Protein Variants Using Functional Annotation. BMC Genom., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-14-S3-S6"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/17.7.646","article-title":"Evaluation of Methods for the Prediction of Membrane Spanning Regions","volume":"17","author":"Croning","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt607","article-title":"Protter: Interactive Protein Feature Visualization and Integration with Experimental Proteomic Data","volume":"30","author":"Omasits","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/11.6.681","article-title":"Sopma: Significant Improvements in Protein Secondary Structure Prediction by Consensus Prediction from Multiple Alignments","volume":"11","author":"Geourjon","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W306","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gki375","article-title":"I-Mutant2.0: Predicting Stability Changes upon Mutation from the Protein Sequence or Structure","volume":"33","author":"Capriotti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.09.017","article-title":"Full-Length P2X7 Structures Reveal How Palmitoylation Prevents Channel Desensitization","volume":"179","author":"McCarthy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.3330","article-title":"MolProbity: More and Better Reference Data for Improved All-Atom Structure Validation","volume":"27","author":"Williams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Protein Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.20084","article-title":"UCSF Chimera\u2014A Visualization System for Exploratory Research and Analysis","volume":"25","author":"Pettersen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2016.12.008","article-title":"The Genetic Architecture of Gene Expression in Peripheral Blood","volume":"100","author":"Holloway","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1086\/519795","article-title":"PLINK: A Tool Set for Whole-Genome Association and Population-Based Linkage Analyses","volume":"81","author":"Purcell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104465","article-title":"Serotyping, Host Genes and Cytokines Response in Human Ocular Toxoplasmosis","volume":"148","author":"Cardona","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.08-114637","article-title":"Palmitoylation of the P2X7 Receptor, an ATP-gated Channel, Controls Its Expression and Association with Lipid Rafts","volume":"23","author":"Gonnord","year":"2009","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.22049","article-title":"The Important Role of the Apoptotic Effects of Zinc in the Development of Cancers","volume":"106","author":"Franklin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6152489","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6152489","article-title":"Toxoplasma Gondii Modulates the Host Cell Responses: An Overview of Apoptosis Pathways","volume":"2019","author":"Mammari","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2016.11.3202","article-title":"Mutation G1629E Increases von Willebrand Factor Cleavage via a Cooperative Destabilization Mechanism","volume":"112","author":"Lippok","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2018.07.015","article-title":"In Silico Study of Moxifloxacin Derivatives with Possible Antibacterial Activity against a Resistant Form of DNA Gyrase from Porphyromonas gingivalis","volume":"95","author":"Molina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2810","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.1c00142","article-title":"Mutation-Dependent Refolding of Prion Protein Unveils Amyloidogenic-Related Structural Ramifications: Insights from Molecular Dynamics Simulations","volume":"12","author":"Palaniappan","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.05013-11","article-title":"Epidemiology of and Diagnostic Strategies for Toxoplasmosis","volume":"25","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Teama, S. (2018). Genetic Diversity and Disease Susceptibility, InTech."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C571","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00286.2002","article-title":"Mechanisms of P2X7 Receptor-Mediated ERK1\/2 Phosphorylation in Human Astrocytoma Cells","volume":"284","author":"Gendron","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.4.1871","article-title":"Cutting Edge: The Nucleotide Receptor P2X 7 Contains Multiple Protein- and Lipid-Interaction Motifs Including a Potential Binding Site for Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide","volume":"167","author":"Denlinger","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2012.07.006","article-title":"P2 Receptors and Immunity","volume":"14","author":"Rayah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2011.05.023","article-title":"P2RX7 Genotype Association in Severe Sepsis Identified by a Novel Multi-Individual Array for Rapid Screening and Replication of Risk SNPs","volume":"413","author":"Geistlinger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-012-2035-5","article-title":"Functional Polymorphisms in the P2X7 Receptor Gene Are Associated with Osteoporosis","volume":"24","author":"Husted","year":"2013","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30799","article-title":"Association between Depression and the Gln460Arg Polymorphism of P2RX7 Gene: A Dimensional Approach","volume":"150","author":"Hejjas","year":"2009","journal-title":"AJMG Part B Neuropsychiatr. Genet."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30303","article-title":"Analysis of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Genes in the Chromosome 12Q24.31 Region Points to P2RX7 as a Susceptibility Gene to Bipolar Affective Disorder","volume":"141","author":"Barden","year":"2006","journal-title":"AJMG Part B Neuropsychiatr. Genet."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller, C.M., Boulter, N.R., Fuller, S.J., Zakrzewski, A.M., Lees, M.P., Saunders, B.M., Wiley, J.S., and Smith, N.C. (2011). The Role of the P2X7 Receptor in Infectious Diseases. PLoS Pathog., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002212"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s11302-011-9215-1","article-title":"C Terminus of the P2X7 Receptor: Treasure Hunting","volume":"7","author":"Vieira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Purinergic Signal."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2019.00183","article-title":"P2X7 Interactions and Signaling\u2014Making Head or Tail of It","volume":"12","author":"Kopp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X16666180516094500","article-title":"P2X7 Receptor-Associated Programmed Cell Death in the Pathophysiology of Hemorrhagic Stroke","volume":"16","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00103","article-title":"Mechanisms of Human Innate Immune Evasion by Toxoplasma Gondii","volume":"9","author":"Lima","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00609","article-title":"Evaluation of Immunoprotection Conferred by the Subunit Vaccines of GRA2 and GRA5 against Acute Toxoplasmosis in BALB\/c Mice","volume":"7","author":"Ching","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amar, D., Safer, H., and Shamir, R. (2013). Dissection of Regulatory Networks That Are Altered in Disease via Differential Co-Expression. PLoS Comput. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002955"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00413","article-title":"Influence of Two Major Toxoplasma Gondii Virulence Factors (ROP16 and ROP18) on the Immune Response of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Human Toxoplasmosis Infection","volume":"9","author":"Arenas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00024","article-title":"An Overview of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells as a Model for Immunological Research of Toxoplasma Gondii and Other Apicomplexan Parasites","volume":"9","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-014-0339-0","article-title":"Th1 and Th2 Immune Response to P30 and ROP18 Peptides in Human Toxoplasmosis","volume":"203","author":"Taborda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/11\/10\/2508\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:02:24Z","timestamp":1760130144000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/11\/10\/2508"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,7]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms11102508"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms11102508","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,7]]}}}