{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:10:12Z","timestamp":1790665812639,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697155200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections (PANDAS) syndrome is one of the most controversial diseases in pediatric rheumatology. Despite first being described more than 25 years ago as the sudden and rapid onset of obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder (OCD) and\/or tic disorder symptoms as complications of a Group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus (GAS) infection, precise epidemiological data are still lacking, and there are no strong recommendations for its treatment. Recent advances in the comprehension of PANDAS pathophysiology are largely attributable to animal model studies and the understanding of the roles of Ca++\/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaM kinase) II, disrupted dopamine release in the basal ganglia, and striatal cholinergic interneurons. The diagnosis of PANDAS should be made after an exclusion process and should include prepubescent children with a sudden onset of OCD and\/or a tic disorder, with a relapsing\/remitting disease course, a clear temporal association between GAS infection and onset or exacerbation of symptoms, and the association with other neurological abnormalities such as motoric hyperactivity and choreiform movements. Antibiotic medications are the primary therapeutic modality. Nonetheless, there is a paucity of randomized studies and validated data, resulting in a scarcity of solid recommendations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11102549","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T01:03:12Z","timestamp":1697158992000},"page":"2549","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections (PANDAS): Myth or Reality? The State of the Art on a Controversial Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1244-0789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saverio","family":"La Bella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, \u201cG. D\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Scorrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, \u201cG. D\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3795-7063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Rinaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Aylesbury-Thames Valley Deanery, Aylesbury HP21 8AL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2644-1475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armando","family":"Di Ludovico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, \u201cG. D\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3911-1256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Mainieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, \u201cG. D\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Attanasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, \u201cG. D\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Spalice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Chiarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, \u201cG. D\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciana","family":"Breda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, \u201cG. D\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.2.264","article-title":"Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated With Streptococcal Infections: Clinical Description of the First 50 Cases","volume":"155","author":"Swedo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2020.9526","article-title":"Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections (Review)","volume":"21","author":"Dop","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. 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