{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T11:55:38Z","timestamp":1774007738827,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is ubiquitous in nature and known for its ability to contaminate foods during production processes. Near real-time monitoring of whole genome sequences from food and human isolates, complemented with epidemiological data, has been used in the Netherlands since 2019 to increase the speed and success rate of source finding in the case of (active) clusters. Nine clusters with 4 to 19 human cases investigated between January 2019 and May 2023 are described. Fish production sites were most often linked to outbreaks of listeriosis (six clusters), though other types of food businesses can face similar Lm problems, as the production processes and procedures determine risk. The results showed that low levels of Lm in food samples can still be linked to disease. Therefore, the investigation of a cluster of cases and deployment of the precautionary principle helps to focus on safe food and to prevent further cases. Good practice of environmental monitoring within a food business allows early detection of potential issues with food safety and helps food businesses to take appropriate measures such as cleaning to prevent regrowth of Lm and thus future outbreaks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11112617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T06:29:01Z","timestamp":1698128941000},"page":"2617","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Combining Whole Genome Sequencing Data from Human and Non-Human Sources: Tackling Listeria monocytogenes Outbreaks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9943-0518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingrid H. M.","family":"Friesema","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charlotte C.","family":"Verbart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Netherlands Food and Consumer Products Safety Authority (NVWA), 3511 GG Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Menno","family":"van der Voort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5483-325X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joost","family":"Stassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maren I.","family":"Lanzl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Coen","family":"van der Weijden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Netherlands Food and Consumer Products Safety Authority (NVWA), 3511 GG Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ife A.","family":"Slegers-Fitz-James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Netherlands Food and Consumer Products Safety Authority (NVWA), 3511 GG Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eelco","family":"Franz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schoder, D., Guldimann, C., and Martlbauer, E. 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