{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:37:45Z","timestamp":1792805865005,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Investigation at Brooke Army Medical Center","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00m1mwc36","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The recent pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 affected the global population, resulting in a significant loss of lives and global economic deterioration. COVID-19 highlighted the importance of public awareness and science-based decision making, and exposed global vulnerabilities in preparedness and response systems. Emerging and re-emerging viral outbreaks are becoming more frequent due to increased international travel and global warming. These viral outbreaks impose serious public health threats and have transformed national strategies for pandemic preparedness with global economic consequences. At the molecular level, viral mutations and variations are constantly thwarting vaccine efficacy, as well as diagnostic, therapeutic, and prevention strategies. Here, we discuss viral infectious diseases that were epidemic and pandemic, currently available treatments, and surveillance measures, along with their limitations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11112618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T06:29:01Z","timestamp":1698128941000},"page":"2618","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Emerging Infectious Diseases Are Virulent Viruses\u2014Are We Prepared? An Overview"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jasmine J.","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Gynecologic Surgery and Obstetrics, Department of Clinical Investigation, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah A.","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah L.","family":"Pierson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Investigation, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0876-9338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jane","family":"Shen-Gunther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gynecologic Oncology & Clinical Investigation, Department of Clinical Investigation, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingqing","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Investigation, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e26","article-title":"SARS, the First Pandemic of the 21st Century1","volume":"10","author":"LeDuc","year":"2004","journal-title":"EID J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2009.0588","article-title":"2009 H1N1 Influenza","volume":"85","author":"Sullivan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. 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