{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T04:54:28Z","timestamp":1773118468232,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"CONAHCYT Ciencia de Frontera project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CF-2023-G-370"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CF-2023-G-370"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"CONAHCYT Ciencia de Frontera project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IN200721"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN200721"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"DGAPA-PAPIIT UNAM","award":["CF-2023-G-370"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CF-2023-G-370"]}]},{"name":"DGAPA-PAPIIT UNAM","award":["IN200721"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN200721"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During Toxoplasma gondii chronic infection, certain internal factors that trigger the proliferation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs), such as brain inflammation, cell death, and changes in cytokine levels, are observed. NPCs give rise to neuronal cell types in the adult brain of some mammals. NPCs are capable of dividing and differentiating into a restricted repertoire of neuronal and glial cell types. In this study, the proliferation of NPCs was evaluated in CD-1 adult male mice chronically infected with the T. gondii ME49 strain. Histological brain sections from the infected mice were evaluated in order to observe T. gondii tissue cysts. Sagittal and coronal sections from the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and from the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus, as well as sagittal sections from the rostral migratory stream, were obtained from infected and non-infected mice previously injected with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). A flotation immunofluorescence technique was used to identify BrdU+ NPC. The scanning of BrdU+ cells was conducted using a confocal microscope, and the counting was performed with ImageJ\u00ae software (version 1.48q). In all the evaluated zones from the infected mice, a significant proliferation of the NPCs was observed when compared with that of the control group. We concluded that chronic infection with T. gondii increased the proliferation of NPCs in the three evaluated zones. Regardless of the role these cells are playing, our results could be useful to better understand the pathogenesis of chronic toxoplasmosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11112671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T12:44:03Z","timestamp":1698756243000},"page":"2671","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Changes in the Proliferation of the Neural Progenitor Cells of Adult Mice Chronically Infected with Toxoplasma gondii"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Anaya-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad An\u00e1huac, Lomas An\u00e1huac, Naucalpan de Ju\u00e1rez 52786, Estado de M\u00e9xico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6538-9788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jhony","family":"Anacleto-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Coyoac\u00e1n, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Mondrag\u00f3n-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica, CINVESTAV Zacatenco, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07360, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Armando","family":"Zepeda-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Coyoac\u00e1n, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brenda","family":"Casarrubias-Tabarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Coyoac\u00e1n, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2225-7686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"de Jes\u00fas L\u00f3pez-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Coyoac\u00e1n, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9192-7412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana Citlalli","family":"de Alba-Alvarado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Coyoac\u00e1n, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cintli","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Ortiz-de-Montellano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elba","family":"Carrasco-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Coyoac\u00e1n, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1251-7993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norma","family":"Rivera-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Coyoac\u00e1n, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.icb.7100038","article-title":"Cytokine regulation of immunopathology in toxoplasmosis","volume":"85","author":"Gaddi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-020-01220-w","article-title":"Evaluation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1); gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3) genes and oxidative stress in sheep: Immunological responses induced by Oestrus ovis (Diptera: Oestridae) infestation","volume":"44","author":"Attia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-017-5738-x","article-title":"Mycophenolic acid induces differentiation of Toxoplasma gondii RH strain tachyzoites into bradyzoites and formation of cyst-like structure in vitro","volume":"117","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762009000200005","article-title":"Understanding mechanisms and the role of differentiation in pathogenesis of Toxoplasma gondii: A review","volume":"104","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Delgado, I. (2022). Unraveling the Replication Process of Toxoplasma gondii through the MOB1 Protein, Doutor em Ci\u00eancias Veterin\u00e1rias na especialidade de de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas e Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidade de Lisboa."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.03160-20","article-title":"TgIF2K-B is an eIF2\u03b1 kinase in Toxoplasma gondii that responds to oxidative stress and optimizes pathogenicity","volume":"12","author":"Augusto","year":"2021","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.107775","article-title":"Inter-and intra-genotype differences in induced cystogenesis of recombinant strains of Toxoplasma gondii isolated from chicken and pigs","volume":"207","author":"Carvalho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s40588-016-0045-3","article-title":"Reexamining Chronic Toxoplasma gondii Infection: Surprising Activity for a \u201cDormant\u201d Parasite","volume":"3","author":"Sinai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Clin. Microbiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1002\/wdev.248","article-title":"A mosaic world: Puzzles revealed by adult neural stem cell heterogeneity","volume":"5","author":"Chaker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Dev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-018-0109-9","article-title":"Factors that influence adult neurogenesis as potential therapy","volume":"7","author":"Shohayeb","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"vdaa057","DOI":"10.1093\/noajnl\/vdaa057","article-title":"Radiation-induced brain injury: Current concepts and therapeutic strategies targeting neuroinflammation","volume":"2","author":"Turnquist","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-5-48","article-title":"Neurological and behavioral abnormalities, ventricular dilatation, altered cellular functions, inflammation, and neuronal injury in brains of mice due to common, persistent, parasitic infection","volume":"5","author":"Hermes","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2018.09.011","article-title":"From inflammatory reactions to neurotransmitter changes: Implications for understanding the neurobehavioral changes in mice chronically infected with Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"359","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Xiao, J. (2022). Microorganisms and Mental Health, Springer."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2015.09.003","article-title":"Adult Mammalian Neural Stem Cells and Neurogenesis: Five Decades Later","volume":"17","author":"Bond","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u0142atek, R., Rogujski, P., Mazuryk, J., Wi\u015bniewska, M.B., Kaczmarek, L., and Czupryn, A. (2022). Impaired Generation of Transit-Amplifying Progenitors in the Adult Subventricular Zone of Cyclin D2 Knockout Mice. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11010135"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/ahe.12496","article-title":"Adult neurogenesis in the mammalian dentate gyrus","volume":"49","author":"Abbott","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anat. Histol. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3182","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0156-06.2006","article-title":"Chemokines regulate the migration of neural progenitors to sites of neuroinflammation","volume":"26","author":"Abdelhak","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7907","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1299-06.2006","article-title":"Origin of Oligodendrocytes in the Subventricular Zone of the Adult Brain","volume":"26","author":"Yaschine","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4357","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.1999.00873.x","article-title":"Progenitor cells of the adult mouse subventricular zone proliferate, migrate and differentiate into oligodendrocytes after demyelination","volume":"11","author":"Decker","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.012773","article-title":"Region and dynamic specificities of adult neural stem cells and oligodendrocyte precursors in myelin regeneration in the mouse brain","volume":"4","author":"Brousse","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Open"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14128","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3491-13.2014","article-title":"Adult Neural Precursor Cells from the Subventricular Zone Contribute Significantly to Oligodendrocyte Regeneration and Remyelination","volume":"34","author":"Xing","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zong, W., Gouda, M., Cai, E., Wang, R., Xu, W., Wu, Y., and Lorenzo, J.M. (2021). The antioxidant phytochemical schisandrin a promotes neural cell proliferation and differentiation after ischemic brain injury. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26247466"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2016.03.076","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii inhibits differentiation of C17.2 neural stem cells through Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling pathway","volume":"473","author":"Gan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Especificaciones T\u00e9cnicas Para la Producci\u00f3n, Cuidado y uso de los Animales de Laboratorio (Standard No. NOM-062-ZOO-1999). Available online: https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiC1tjvl56CAxWrJEQIHQWWCrUQFnoECBEQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gob.mx%2Fcms%2Fuploads%2Fattachment%2Ffile%2F203498%2FNOM-062-ZOO-1999_220801.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0w8KmBjbQNtDTmfAUv92Bv&opi=89."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2018.12.003","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of variation in Toxoplasma gondii cyst burden in the murine model","volume":"196","author":"Watson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-018-0224-7","article-title":"Comparing phenotypic variation between inbred and outbred mice","volume":"15","author":"Tuttle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haroon, F., H\u00e4ndel, U., Angenstein, F., Goldschmidt, J., Kreutzmann, P., Lison, H., Fischer, K.D., Scheich, H., Wetzel, W., and Schl\u00fcter, D. (2012). Toxoplasma gondii Actively Inhibits Neuronal Function in Chronically Infected Mice. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035516"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2006.224","article-title":"BrdU assay for neurogenesis in rodents","volume":"1","author":"Wojtowicz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01190834","article-title":"Bromodeoxyuridine immunohistochemical determination of the lengths of the cell cycle and the DNA-synthetic phase for an anatomically defined population","volume":"18","author":"Nowakowski","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Neurocytol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0270(02)00007-9","article-title":"The utility of Ki-67 and BrdU as proliferative markers of adult neurogenesis","volume":"11","author":"Kee","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berenreiterov\u00e1, M., Flegr, J., Kub\u011bna, A.A., and N\u011bmec, P. (2011). The Distribution of Toxoplasma gondii Cysts in the Brain of a Mouse with Latent Toxoplasmosis: Implications for the Behavioral Manipulation Hypothesis. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028925"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2014.12.007","article-title":"Automatic cell counting with ImageJ","volume":"473","author":"Grishagin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2017.00123","article-title":"Sampling the Mouse Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus","volume":"11","author":"Basler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"N100505","DOI":"10.4303\/jnp\/N100505","article-title":"Host Cell Preference of Toxoplasma gondii Cysts in Murine Brain: A Confocal Study","volume":"1","author":"Melzer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neuroparasitol."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Su, C., and Dubey, J.P. (2020). Toxoplasma gondii: Methods and Protocols, Humana."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Wang, Q., and Sibley, L.D. (2020). Toxoplasma gondii: Methods and Protocols, Humana."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7560","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35267-5","article-title":"The protein phosphatase 2A holoenzyme is a key regulator of starch metabolism and bradyzoite differentiation in Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Afonso, C., Paix\u00e3o, V.B., and Costa, R.M. (2012). Chronic Toxoplasma Infection Modifies the Structure and the Risk of Host Behavior. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032489"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pittman, K.J., Aliota, M.T., and Knoll, L.J. (2014). Dual transcriptional profiling of mice and Toxoplasma gondii during acute and chronic infection. BMC Genom., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-15-806"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-3806(01)00243-7","article-title":"Is it all DNA repair?: Methodological considerations for detecting neurogenesis in the adult brain","volume":"134","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gionchiglia, N., Granato, A., Merighi, A., and Lossi, L. (2021). Association of Caspase 3 Activation and H2AX \u03b3 phosphorylation in the aging brain: Studies on untreated and irradiated mice. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9091166"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2018.00104","article-title":"Neural Progenitor Cell Terminology","volume":"12","author":"Noctor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13621","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1811825116","article-title":"Region-specific and activity-dependent regulation of SVZ neurogenesis and recovery after stroke","volume":"116","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"194396","article-title":"Modulation of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis by Early-Life Environmental Challenges Triggering Immune Activation","volume":"2014","author":"Kuipers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1006\/nbdi.2002.0531","article-title":"Neonatal Viral Infection Decreases Neuronal Progenitors and Impairs Adult Neurogenesis in the Hippocampus","volume":"11","author":"Sharma","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00064","article-title":"Zika Virus Impairs Neurogenesis and Synaptogenesis Pathways in Human Neural Stem Cells and Neurons","volume":"13","author":"Cugola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.24875\/AIDSRev.19000003","article-title":"HIV-1 and Compromised Adult Neurogenesis: Emerging Evidence for a New Paradigm of HAND Persistence","volume":"21","author":"Putatunda","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.10.062","article-title":"Evidence for the contribution of adult neurogenesis and hippocampal cell death in experimental cerebral malaria cognitive outcome","volume":"284","author":"Miranda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37844","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37844","article-title":"Neil3 induced neurogenesis protects against prion disease during the clinical phase","volume":"6","author":"Jalland","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.03.064","article-title":"Regulation by commensal bacteria of neurogenesis in the subventricular zone of adult mouse brain","volume":"498","author":"Sawada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaau4760","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aau4760","article-title":"Neurogenesis and prolongevity signaling in young germ-free mice transplanted with the gut microbiota of old mice","volume":"11","author":"Kundu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-168","article-title":"Pre-infection physical exercise decreases mortality and stimulates neurogenesis in bacterial meningitis","volume":"9","author":"Liebetanz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3233\/BPL-220141","article-title":"Microbiota-gut-brain axis regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis","volume":"8","author":"Guzzetta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Plast."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2529-2","article-title":"A mechanistic study of Toxoplasma gondii ROP18 inhibiting differentiation of C17.2 neural stem cells","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0670-3","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii prevalent in China induce weaker apoptosis of neural stem cells C17.2 via endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) signaling pathways","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arrizabalaga, G. (2011). A Fine Balance between Life and Death: Modulation of BCL-2 Family Members by Toxoplasma Gondii. Front. Microbiol., 2.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2011.00039"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s11515-012-1233-z","article-title":"NF\u03baB signaling regulates embryonic and adult neurogenesis","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Biol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2006.07.012","article-title":"Bcl-2 enhances neurogenesis and inhibits apoptosis of newborn neurons in adult rat brain following a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2521","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-022-01039-9","article-title":"Genistein suppresses microglial activation and inhibits apoptosis in different brain regions of hypoxia-exposed mice model of amnesia","volume":"37","author":"Rumman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13211","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.192314199","article-title":"Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mobilizes neural progenitors from the subventricular zone to undergo oligodendrogenesis in adult mice","volume":"99","author":"Decker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1890568","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1890568","article-title":"Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells in Nervous System Function and Therapy","volume":"2016","author":"Walker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760170045","article-title":"Histopathology of murine toxoplasmosis under treatment with dialyzable leukocyte extract","volume":"112","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.131567","article-title":"The potential of endogenous neurogenesis for brain repair and regeneration following traumatic brain injury","volume":"9","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12134","article-title":"Innate and adaptive immune responses in neurodegeneration and repair","volume":"141","author":"Amor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00139-19","article-title":"Persistent Toxoplasma Infection of the Brain Induced Neurodegeneration Associated with Activation of Complement and Microglia","volume":"87","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2843","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.08-105866","article-title":"IFN-\u03b3 enhances neurogenesis in wild-type mice and in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"22","author":"Baron","year":"2008","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2004.01.009","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b3 but not TNF\u03b1 promotes neuronal differentiation and neurite outgrowth of murine adult neural stem cells","volume":"187","author":"Wong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5880","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14969","article-title":"The effects of microglia-and astrocyte-derived factors on neurogenesis in health and disease","volume":"54","author":"Araki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1242-1","article-title":"Chronic Toxoplasma infection is associated with distinct alterations in the synaptic protein composition","volume":"15","author":"Lang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00158","article-title":"Characteristics of Infection Immunity Regulated by Toxoplasma gondii to Maintain Chronic Infection in the Brain","volume":"9","author":"Hwang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watts, E., Zhao, Y., Dhara, A., Eller, B., Patwardhan, A., and Sinai, A.P. (2015). Novel Approaches Reveal that Toxoplasma gondii Bradyzoites within Tissue Cysts Are Dynamic and Replicating Entities In Vivo. mBio, 6.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01155-15"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.074716","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infection, from predation to schizophrenia: Can animal behaviour help us understand human behaviour?","volume":"216","author":"Webster","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"459","article-title":"Chronic murine toxoplasmosis is defined by subtle changes in neuronal connectivity","volume":"7","author":"Parlog","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-020-00549-2","article-title":"Dual roles of astrocytes in plasticity and reconstruction after traumatic brain injury","volume":"18","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/11\/11\/2671\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:14:41Z","timestamp":1760130881000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/11\/11\/2671"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms11112671"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms11112671","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]]}}}