{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:22:47Z","timestamp":1791418967712,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]],"date-time":"2023-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bavarian Environment Agency","award":["ID75253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ID75253"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bees come into contact with bacteria and fungi from flowering plants during their foraging trips. The Western honeybee (Apis mellifera) shows a pronounced hygienic behavior with social interactions, while the solitary red mason bee (Osmia bicornis) lacks a social immune system. Since both visit the same floral resources, it is intriguing to speculate that the body surface of a solitary bee should harbor a more complex microbiome than that of the social honeybee. We compared the cuticular microbiomes of A. mellifera (including three European subspecies) and O. bicornis for the first time by bacterial 16S rRNA and fungal ITS gene-based high-throughput amplicon sequencing. The cuticular microbiome of the solitary O. bicornis was significantly more complex than that of the social A. mellifera. The microbiome composition of A. mellifera subspecies was very similar. However, we counted significantly different numbers of fungi and a higher diversity in the honeybee subspecies adapted to warmer climates. Our results suggest that the cuticular microbiome of bees is strongly affected by visited plants, lifestyle and adaptation to temperature, which have important implications for the maintenance of the health of bees under conditions of global change.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11112780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]],"date-time":"2023-11-16T07:11:27Z","timestamp":1700118687000},"page":"2780","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Solitary Bees Host More Bacteria and Fungi on Their Cuticle than Social Bees"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0480-2206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Thamm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t W\u00fcrzburg, 97070 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabienne","family":"Rei\u00df","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioanalysis, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 96450 Coburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leon","family":"Sohl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioanalysis, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 96450 Coburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Gabel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t W\u00fcrzburg, 97070 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"},{"name":"Landesbetrieb Landwirtschaft Hessen, Bee Institute Kirchhain, 35274 Kirchhain, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9981-5968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"Noll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioanalysis, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 96450 Coburg, Germany"},{"name":"Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7515-4253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricarda","family":"Scheiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t W\u00fcrzburg, 97070 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.2174\/1874213000902010074","article-title":"The economic value of the pollination service, a review across scales","volume":"2","author":"Hein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Open Ecol. 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