{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:00:46Z","timestamp":1787238046852,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund","award":["2023JB001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023JB001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microbial communities can undergo significant successional changes during decay and decomposition, potentially providing valuable insights for determining the postmortem interval (PMI). The microbiota produce various gases that cause cadaver bloating, and rupture releases nutrient-rich bodily fluids into the environment, altering the soil microbiota around the carcasses. In this study, we aimed to investigate the underlying principles governing the succession of microbial communities during the decomposition of pig carcasses and the soil beneath the carcasses. At early decay, the phylum Firmicutes and Bacteroidota were the most abundant in both the winter and summer pig rectum. However, Proteobacteria became the most abundant in the winter pig rectum in late decay. Using genus as a biomarker to estimate the PMI could get the MAE from 1.375 days to 2.478 days based on the RF model. The abundance of bacterial communities showed a decreasing trend with prolonged decomposition time. There were statistically significant differences in microbial diversity in the two periods (pre-rupture and post-rupture) of the four groups (WPG 0\u20138Dvs. WPG 16\u201340D, p &lt; 0.0001; WPS 0\u201316Dvs. WPS 24\u201340D, p = 0.003; SPG 0D vs. SPG 8\u201340D, p = 0.0005; and SPS 0D vs. SPS 8\u201340D, p = 0.0208). Most of the biomarkers in the pre-rupture period belong to obligate anaerobes. In contrast, the biomarkers in the post-rupture period belong to aerobic bacteria. Furthermore, the genus Vagococcus shows a similar increase trend, whether in winter or summer. Together, these results suggest that microbial succession was predictable and can be developed into a forensic tool for estimating the PMI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11112811","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T00:30:50Z","timestamp":1700440250000},"page":"2811","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Changes in Microbial Communities Using Pigs as a Model for Postmortem Interval Estimation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Fan","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100038, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7905-6983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheng","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100038, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100038, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Gui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0223-8875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zengtao","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7468-8061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yadong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingchun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100038, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.05.017","article-title":"Estimation of the time since death","volume":"165","author":"Henssge","year":"2007","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. 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