{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:49:24Z","timestamp":1792115364527,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]],"date-time":"2023-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dental caries is an infectious oral disease caused by the presence of different bacteria in biofilms. Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major challenge of dental caries treatment. Swabs were taken from 65 patients with dental caries in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Swabs were cultivated on mitis salivarius agar and de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS) agar. VITEK 2 was used for the identification of isolated bacteria. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of the isolated bacteria was performed using commercial antibiotic disks. Ulva lactuca was used as a reducing agent and cellulose source to create nanocellulose and Ag\/cellulose nanocomposites. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) were used to characterize nanocellulose and Ag\/cellulose nanocomposites. The results showed that most bacterial isolates were Streptococcus spp., followed by Staphylococcus spp. on mitis salivarius media. Lactobacillus spp. and Corynebacterium group f-1 were the bacterial isolates on de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS) media. The antibiotic susceptibility test revealed resistance rates of 77%, 93%, 0, 83%, 79%, and 79% against penicillin G, Augmentin, metronidazole, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, and cotrimoxazole, respectively. Ag\/cellulose nanocomposites and Ag\/cellulose nanocomposites with fluoride were the most effective antibacterial agents. The aim of this work was to assess the antibacterial activity of Ag\/cellulose nanocomposites with and without fluoride against bacteria isolated from the oral cavities of patients with dental caries. This study demonstrated that Ag\/cellulose nanocomposites have antibacterial properties against multidrug-resistant bacteria that cause dental caries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12010001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]],"date-time":"2023-12-19T04:18:37Z","timestamp":1702959517000},"page":"1","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Antibacterial Activities of Ag\/Cellulose Nanocomposites Derived from Marine Environment Algae against Bacterial Tooth Decay"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4589-6272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ragaa A.","family":"Hamouda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Sciences and Arts at Khulis, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21959, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6430-7541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rabab R.","family":"Makharita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Sciences and Arts at Khulis, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21959, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fauzia A. K.","family":"Qarabai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Sciences and Arts at Khulis, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21959, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fathi S.","family":"Shahabuddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harad Center, Makkah Ministry of Health, Riyadh 24342, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amna A.","family":"Saddiq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Sciences and Arts at Khulis, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21959, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9075-361X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laila Ahmed","family":"Bahammam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9422-6371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaymaa W.","family":"El-Far","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamdouh A.","family":"Bukhari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Laboratory, Laboratories and Blood Banks Administration, Ministry of Health, 7780 Wali Alahed, Makkah P.O. Box 24353-4537, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad A.","family":"Elaidarous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Laboratory, Laboratories and Blood Banks Administration, Ministry of Health, 7780 Wali Alahed, Makkah P.O. Box 24353-4537, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3499-3448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asmaa","family":"Abdella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas, P., Duolikun, T., Rumjit, N.P., Moosavi, S., and Lai, C.W. (2020). 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