{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:46:27Z","timestamp":1790876787518,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]],"date-time":"2023-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the antibacterial, resistance modulation, biofilm inhibition, and efflux pump inhibition potentials of Loeseneriella africana stem extract and its constituents. The antimicrobial activity was investigated by the high-throughput spot culture growth inhibition (HT-SPOTi) and broth microdilution assays. The resistance modulation activity was investigated using the anti-biofilm formation and efflux pump inhibition assays. Purification of the extract was carried out by chromatographic methods, and the isolated compounds were characterized based on nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared and mass spectrometry spectral data and comparison with published literature. The whole extract, methanol, ethyl acetate, and pet-ether fractions of L. africana all showed antibacterial activity against the test bacteria with MICs ranging from 62.5 to 500.0 \u00b5g\/mL The whole extract demonstrated resistance modulation effect through strong biofilm inhibition and efflux pump inhibition activities against S. aureus ATCC 25923, E. coli ATCC 25922 and P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853. Chromatographic fractionation of the ethyl acetate fraction resulted in the isolation of a triterpenoid (4S,4\u03b1S,6\u03b1R,6\u03b2S,8\u03b1S,12\u03b1S,12\u03b2R,14\u03b1S,14\u03b2R)-4,4\u03b1,6\u03b2,8\u03b1,11,11,12\u03b2,14\u03b1-Octamethyloctadecahydropicene-1,3(2H,4H)-dione) and a phytosterol (\u03b2-sitosterol). These compounds showed antibacterial activity against susceptible bacteria at a MIC range of 31\u2013125 \u00b5g\/mL and potentiated the antibacterial activity of amoxicillin (at \u00bc MIC of compounds) against E. coli and P. aeruginosa with modulation factors of 32 and 10, respectively. These compounds also demonstrated good anti-biofilm formation effect at a concentration range of 3\u2013100 \u00b5g\/mL, and bacterial efflux pump inhibition activity at \u00bd MIC and \u00bc MIC against E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Loeseneriella africana stem bark extracts and constituents elicit considerable antibacterial, resistance modulation, and biofilm and efflux pump inhibition activities. The results justify the indigenous uses of L. africana for managing microbial infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12010007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]],"date-time":"2023-12-19T06:03:11Z","timestamp":1702965791000},"page":"7","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Antibacterial, Resistance Modulation, Anti-Biofilm Formation, and Efflux Pump Inhibition Properties of Loeseneriella africana (Willd.) N. Halle (Celastraceae) Stem Extract and Its Constituents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7086-9332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Anokwah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, PMB, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelyn","family":"Asante-Kwatia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, PMB, Kumasi, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Asante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, PMB, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Obeng-Mensah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, PMB, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4287-856X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cynthia Amaning","family":"Danquah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, PMB, Kumasi, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac Kingsley","family":"Amponsah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, PMB, Kumasi, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elvis Ofori","family":"Ameyaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, PMB, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert Peter","family":"Biney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, PMB, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6903-7774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ernest","family":"Obese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, PMB, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Oberer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3551-3458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Gyamfi","family":"Amoako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5194-2810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akebe Luther King","family":"Abia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa"},{"name":"Environmental Research Foundation, Westville 3630, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abraham Yeboah","family":"Mensah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, PMB, Kumasi, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2019.11.002","article-title":"Plant-derived secondary metabolites as the main source of efflux pump inhibitors and methods for identification","volume":"10","author":"Seukep","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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