{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T06:39:48Z","timestamp":1789540788045,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]],"date-time":"2023-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["#2018\/21193-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2018\/21193-5"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["#2017\/50333-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2017\/50333-7"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["#2023\/16465-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2023\/16465-4"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["#2018\/21193-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2018\/21193-5"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["#2017\/50333-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2017\/50333-7"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["#SES PRC-2020\/42261"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#SES PRC-2020\/42261"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["#CAF107\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#CAF107\/2020"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["#CAF 050\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#CAF 050\/2021"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["#CAF 060\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#CAF 060\/2022"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["#2018\/21193-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2018\/21193-5"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["#2017\/50333-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2017\/50333-7"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["#2023\/16465-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2023\/16465-4"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["#2018\/21193-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2018\/21193-5"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["#2017\/50333-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2017\/50333-7"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["#SES PRC-2020\/42261"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#SES PRC-2020\/42261"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["#CAF107\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#CAF107\/2020"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["#CAF 050\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#CAF 050\/2021"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["#CAF 060\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#CAF 060\/2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) methodology serves as an excellent supplement in cases where diagnosis is challenging to establish through conventional laboratory tests, and its usage is increasingly prevalent. Examining the causes of infectious diseases in the central nervous system (CNS) is vital for understanding their spread, managing outbreaks, and effective patient care. In a study conducted in the state of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 500 patients with CNS diseases of indeterminate etiology, collected between 2017 and 2021, were analyzed. Employing a mNGS approach, we obtained the complete coding sequence of Pegivirus hominis (HPgV) genotype 2 in a sample from a patient with encephalitis (named IAL-425\/BRA\/SP\/2019); no other pathogen was detected. Subsequently, to determine the extent of this virus\u2019s presence, both polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and\/or real-time PCR assays were utilized on the entire collection. The presence of the virus was identified in 4.0% of the samples analyzed. This research constitutes the first report of HPgV detection in CSF samples in South America. Analysis of the IAL-425 genome (9107 nt) revealed a 90% nucleotide identity with HPgV strains from various countries. Evolutionary analyses suggest that HPgV is both endemic and extensively distributed. The direct involvement of HPgV in CNS infections in these patients remains uncertain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12010019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]],"date-time":"2023-12-22T01:19:42Z","timestamp":1703207982000},"page":"19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Pegivirus Detection in Cerebrospinal Fluid from Patients with Central Nervous System Infections of Unknown Etiology in Brazil by Viral Metagenomics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9174-3234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita de C\u00e1ssia Compagnoli","family":"Carmona","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Enteric Disease Laboratory, Virology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Sao Paulo 01246-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1642-5252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Audrey","family":"Cilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Enteric Disease Laboratory, Virology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Sao Paulo 01246-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5516-5177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio Charlys","family":"da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3721-1704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabricio Caldeira","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Enteric Disease Laboratory, Virology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Sao Paulo 01246-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3463-0492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c9lcio","family":"Leal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Belem 66075-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiana Cristina Pereira","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Disease Laboratory, Virology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Sao Paulo 01246-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Br\u00e1ulio Caetano","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Enteric Disease Laboratory, Virology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Sao Paulo 01246-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina Santiago","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Disease Laboratory, Virology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Sao Paulo 01246-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Maria Sardinha","family":"Afonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Disease Laboratory, Virology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Sao Paulo 01246-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria do Carmo Sampaio Tavares","family":"Timenetsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Sao Paulo 01246-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2410.180161","article-title":"Human Pegivirus in Patients with Encephalitis of Unclear Etiology, Poland","volume":"24","author":"Perlejewski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2022.2029328","article-title":"Review of human pegivirus: Prevalence, transmission, pathogenesis, and clinical implication","volume":"13","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.027490-0","article-title":"The GB viruses: A review and proposed classification of GBV-A, GBV-C (HGV), and GBV-D in genus Pegivirus within the family Flaviviridae","volume":"92","author":"Stapleton","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887760","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.887760","article-title":"Human Pegivirus Type 1: A Common Human Virus That Is Beneficial in Immune-Mediated Disease?","volume":"13","author":"Stapleton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0695-564","article-title":"Isolation of novel virus-like sequences associated with human hepatitis","volume":"1","author":"Simons","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25290","article-title":"Human pegivirus isolates characterized by deep sequencing from hepatitis C virus-RNA and human immunodeficiency virus-RNA-positive blood donations, France","volume":"91","author":"Jordier","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01150-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01150-20","article-title":"The First Nonmammalian Pegivirus Demonstrates Efficient In Vitro Replication and High Lymphotropism","volume":"94","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5500\/wjt.v12.i1.1","article-title":"Human pegivirus infection after transplant: Is there an impact?","volume":"12","author":"Mrzljak","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-022-01769-3","article-title":"Clinical and molecular aspects of human pegiviruses in the interaction host and infectious agent","volume":"19","author":"Samadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.000086","article-title":"Tropism of human pegivirus (formerly known as GB virus C\/hepatitis G virus) and host immunomodulation: Insights into a highly successful viral infection","volume":"96","author":"Chivero","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2022.06.011","article-title":"Human pegivirus identified in severe myelitis and optic neuritis in immunocompromised patients: A pathogenic role for a forgotten virus?","volume":"179","author":"Valyraki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kriesel, J.D., Hobbs, M.R., Jones, B.B., Milash, B., Nagra, R.M., and Fischer, K.F. (2012). Deep sequencing for the detection of virus-like sequences in the brains of patients with multiple sclerosis: Detection of GBV-C in human brain. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031886"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268815001326","article-title":"Detection of GB virus C genomic sequence in the cerebrospinal fluid of a HIV-infected patient in China: A case report and literature review","volume":"144","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2016.01.013","article-title":"Human pegivirus detected in a patient with severe encephalitis using a metagenomic pan-virus array","volume":"77","author":"Fridholm","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25343","article-title":"Human pegivirus-1 associated leukoencephalitis: Clinical and molecular features","volume":"84","author":"Balcom","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tuddenham, R., Eden, J.S., Gilbey, T., Dwyer, D.E., Jennings, Z., Holmes, E.C., and Branley, J.M. (2020). Human pegivirus in brain tissue of a patient with encephalitis. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 96.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2019.114898"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2017.04.007","article-title":"Human pegivirus-1 in the CSF of patients with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) may be derived from blood in highly viraemic patients","volume":"91","author":"Hardie","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.12175","article-title":"Prevalence and vertical transmission of human pegivirus among pregnant women infected with HIV","volume":"138","author":"Santos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transci.2019.01.002","article-title":"Human pegivirus-1 (HPgV, GBV-C) RNA prevalence and genotype diversity among volunteer blood donors from an intra-hospital hemotherapy service in Southern Brazil","volume":"58","author":"Slavov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transfus. Apher. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mota, L.D.D., Finger-Jardim, F., Silva, C.M., Germano, F.N., Nader, M.M., Gon\u00e7alves, C.V., Luquez, K.Y.S., Chies, J.A.B., Groll, A.V., and Hora, V.P.D. (2019). Molecular and Clinical Profiles of Human Pegivirus Type 1 Infection in Individuals Living with HIV-1 in the Extreme South of Brazil. BioMed Res. Int., 2019.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8048670"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2022.198689","article-title":"Metavirome composition of Brazilian blood donors positive for the routinely tested blood-borne infections","volume":"311","author":"Bezerra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transci.2019.102697","article-title":"Molecular prevalence and genotypes of human pegivirus-1 (HPgV) and SENV-like viruses among multiply transfused patients with beta-thalassemia","volume":"59","author":"Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transfus. Apher. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"93","article-title":"Viral metagenomics in blood donations with post-donation illness reports from Brazil","volume":"19","author":"Moretto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Transfus."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altan, E., Delaney, M.A., Colegrove, K.M., Spraker, T.R., Wheeler, E.A., Deng, X., Li, Y., Gulland, F.M.D., and Delwart, E. (2020). Complex Virome in a Mesenteric Lymph Node from a Californian Sea Lion (Zalophus californianus) with Polyserositis and Steatitis. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12080793"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W6","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkl164","article-title":"BLAST: Improvements for better sequence analysis","volume":"34","author":"Ye","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e46","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv002","article-title":"An ensemble strategy that significantly improves de novo assembly of microbial genomes from metagenomic next-generation sequencing data","volume":"43","author":"Deng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W232","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw256","article-title":"W-IQ-TREE: A fast online phylogenetic tool for maximum likelihood analysis","volume":"44","author":"Trifinopoulos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2204.151812","article-title":"Evaluation of Viremia Frequencies of a Novel Human Pegivirus by Using Bioinformatic Screening and PCR","volume":"22","author":"Bonsall","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1803396","article-title":"Clinical Metagenomic Sequencing for Diagnosis of Meningitis and Encephalitis","volume":"380","author":"Wilson","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3378","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07260-x","article-title":"Optimization of cerebrospinal fluid microbial DNA metagenomic sequencing diagnostics","volume":"12","author":"Olausson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-092917-043439","article-title":"Flaviviruses and the Central Nervous System: Revisiting Neuropathological Concepts","volume":"5","author":"Maximova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Virol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2019.07.006","article-title":"Viral encephalitis: A practical review on diagnostic approach and treatment","volume":"96","author":"Costa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-020-04891-1","article-title":"Viral meningitis: An overview","volume":"166","author":"Kohil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sult.2023.03.015","article-title":"Infectious Myelitis","volume":"44","author":"Miyoshi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Semin. Ultrasound CT MRI"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-006-0048-1","article-title":"Viral myelitis: An update","volume":"6","author":"Kincaid","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2021.02.004","article-title":"Acute Flaccid Myelitis","volume":"32","author":"Ide","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Rehabil. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"212","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus encephalitis in solid organ transplantation","volume":"40","author":"Lau","year":"2017","journal-title":"New Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2961","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25764","article-title":"Human pegivirus-1 infection in kidney transplant recipients: A single-center experience","volume":"92","author":"Pereira","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-019-1161-5","article-title":"Effect of human pegivirus route of transmission on the genetic distribution of the virus: An institution based cross-sectional study","volume":"16","author":"Taklual","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cebri\u00e1-Mendoza, M., Bracho, M.A., Arbona, C., Larrea, L., D\u00edaz, W., Sanju\u00e1n, R., and Cuevas, J.M. (2021). Exploring the Diversity of the Human Blood Virome. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-741472\/v1"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.62.081307.162912","article-title":"Evolutionary history and phylogeography of human viruses","volume":"62","author":"Holmes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.12876","article-title":"Global prevalence of human pegivirus-1 in healthy volunteer blood donors: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"115","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vox Sang."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e225","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2257","article-title":"Human pegivirus type 1 infection in Asia-A review of the literature","volume":"32","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762002000700005","article-title":"Prevalence and genotypes of GB virus C\/hepatitis G virus among blood donors in Central Brazil","volume":"97","author":"Oliveira","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mem\u00f3rias Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25291","article-title":"High prevalence and autochtonous transmission of human pegivirus (HPgV) in blood donors in the extreme southern of Brazil","volume":"91","author":"Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2010.04.008","article-title":"Prevalence and distribution of the GBV-C\/HGV among HIV-1-infected patients under anti-retroviral therapy","volume":"151","author":"Alcalde","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.2188","article-title":"Chronic hepatitis C infection: Influence of the viral load, genotypes, and GBV-C\/HGV coinfection on the severity of the disease in a Brazilian population","volume":"67","author":"Pereira","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nunes, P.F., da Cruz Coelho, E., da Silva, J.R., da Silva Costa, C.C., Sampaio, R.M.A., Frade, P.C.R., Ponteira, N.A., da Cruz, S.S., Seabra, A.D., and Carneiro, D.M. (2023). Hepatitis C and Human Pegivirus Coinfection in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C from the Brazilian Amazon Region: Prevalence, Genotypes and Clinical Data. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15091892"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1996.1732","article-title":"Sequence of hepatitis G virus genome isolated from a Japanese patient with non-A-E-hepatitis: Amplification and cloning by long reverse transcription-PCR","volume":"228","author":"Shao","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9125","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.19.9125-9133.2000","article-title":"Full-length GB virus C (Hepatitis G virus) RNA transcripts are infectious in primary CD4-positive T cells","volume":"74","author":"Xiang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00585-3","article-title":"Clinical isolates of GB virus type C vary in their ability to persist and replicate in peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures","volume":"316","author":"George","year":"2003","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1126\/science.271.5248.505","article-title":"Molecular cloning and disease association of hepatitis G virus: A transfusion-transmissible agent","volume":"271","author":"Linnen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-4346(97)00355-1","article-title":"Characterization of GBV-CHGV viral genome: Comparison among different isolates for a ~ 2 kb-sequence that covers entire E1 and most of 5\u2032UTR and E2","volume":"6","author":"Takahashi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1086\/515255","article-title":"Experimental infection of chimpanzees with hepatitis G virus and genetic analysis of the virus","volume":"177","author":"Bukh","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-78-4-737","article-title":"The entire nucleotide sequences of two GB virus C\/hepatitis G virus isolates of distinct genotypes from Japan","volume":"78","author":"Okamoto","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6921","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86427-4","article-title":"Deep viral blood metagenomics reveals extensive anellovirus diversity in healthy humans","volume":"11","author":"Arbona","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1999.0205","article-title":"The complete coding sequence of a European isolate of GB-C\/hepatitis G virus","volume":"255","author":"Charrel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2713","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-77-11-2713","article-title":"Molecular cloning and characterization of a GB virus C isolate from a patient with non-A-E hepatitis","volume":"77","author":"Erker","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.80854-0","article-title":"African origin of GB virus C determined by phylogenetic analysis of a complete genotype 5 genome from South Africa","volume":"86","author":"Muerhoff","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6346(98)00095-3","article-title":"Prevalence of hepatitis G virus and characterization of viral genome","volume":"13","author":"Saito","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"189","article-title":"The entire nucleotide sequence of two hepatitis G virus isolates belonging to a novel genotype: Isolation in Myanmar and Vietnam","volume":"81","author":"Naito","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, Y., Zhao, W., Feng, Y., Dai, J., Li, Z., Zhang, X., Liu, L., Bai, J., Zhang, H., and Lu, L. (2011). A novel genotype of GB virus C: Its identification and predominance among injecting drug users in Yunnan, China. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021151"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1086\/593676","article-title":"Prevalence and genotype of hepatitis G virus in Chinese professional blood donors and hepatitis patients","volume":"175","author":"Wang","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1007\/s007050050356","article-title":"Full-length GBV-C\/HGV genomes from nine Japanese isolates: Characterization by comparative analyses","volume":"143","author":"Katayama","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Dias, J.Z.C. (2018). Influ\u00eancia do Pegivirus Humano (HPgV) na Medula \u00d3ssea: Impacto Cl\u00ednico e Tropismo Viral, Tese de Doutorado, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/12\/1\/19\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:40:06Z","timestamp":1760132406000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/12\/1\/19"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms12010019"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms12010019","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]]}}}