{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T18:02:40Z","timestamp":1776276160503,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]],"date-time":"2023-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Norwegian Research Council","award":["#328674"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#328674"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Norway","award":["#328674"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#328674"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS) poses a significant threat to farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), leading to high mortality rates during the seawater phase. Given that controlled experimental challenge trials with PMCV do not reproduce the mortality observed in severe field outbreaks of CMS, field trials on natural CMS outbreaks are warranted. This field study explored the impact of a clinical nutrition intervention, specifically a diet enriched with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), on a severe CMS outbreak in a commercial sea farm. CMS was diagnosed in a single sea cage with high mortality rates. Histopathological analysis, RT-qPCR in situ hybridization for virus detection, and fatty acid composition analysis were used to monitor the impact of disease and the inclusion of EPA and DHA in heart tissue. Following the implementation of clinical nutrition, a decline in mortality rates, regression of CMS-associated changes, and a significant reduction in piscine myocarditis virus (PMCV) RNA load were observed within the salmon population. Fatty acid composition analysis of heart samples demonstrated increased levels of EPA and DHA, reinforcing the association between dietary factors, viral load dynamics, and overall fish health. Although further validation is needed in future studies, as field trials may not be sufficient to establish causation, our results indicate that optimizing the EPA + DHA levels may prove beneficial in severe CMS outbreaks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12010026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,24]],"date-time":"2023-12-24T20:44:15Z","timestamp":1703450655000},"page":"26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["An Atypical Course of Cardiomyopathy Syndrome (CMS) in Farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Fed a Clinical Nutrition Diet"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Johan","family":"Rennemo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Skretting AS, 4016 Stavanger, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kjetil","family":"Berge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skretting AS, 4016 Stavanger, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Naveed","family":"Yousaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skretting Aquaculture Innovation (AI), 4016 Stavanger, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tommy Berger","family":"Eriksen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skretting Aquaculture Innovation (AI), 4016 Stavanger, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eirik","family":"Welde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nordlaks Havbruk AS, 8455 Stokmarknes, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Robertsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nordlaks Havbruk AS, 8455 Stokmarknes, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bjarne","family":"Johansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nordlaks Havbruk AS, 8455 Stokmarknes, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"McGurk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skretting Aquaculture Innovation (AI), 4016 Stavanger, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9911-5948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Espen","family":"Rimstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 \u00c5s, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erling Olaf","family":"Koppang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 \u00c5s, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4683-0088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e5vard","family":"Bj\u00f8rgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 \u00c5s, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-7-309","article-title":"A novel totivirus and piscine reovirus (PRV) in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) with cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS)","volume":"7","author":"Grove","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virol. 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Nutr."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/12\/1\/26\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:40:47Z","timestamp":1760132447000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/12\/1\/26"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms12010026"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms12010026","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]]}}}