{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T22:41:49Z","timestamp":1782168109637,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["179571"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["179571"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Zurich\u2019s Clinical Research Priority Program\u2019s Viral Infectious Diseases: Zurich Primary HIV Infection Study (ZPHI)","award":["179571"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["179571"]}]},{"name":"Yvonne Jacob Foundation","award":["179571"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["179571"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Zurich Primary HIV Infection (ZPHI) study is a longitudinal cohort study established in 2002, aiming to study the clinical, epidemiological, and biological characteristics of primary HIV infection. The ZPHI enrolls individuals with documented primary HIV-1 infection. At the baseline and thereafter, the socio-demographic, clinical, and laboratory data are systematically collected, and regular blood sampling is performed for biobanking. By the end of December 2022, 486 people were enrolled, of which 353 were still undergoing active follow-up. Of the 486 participants, 86% had an acute infection, and 14% a recent HIV-1 infection. Men who have sex with men accounted for 74% of the study population. The median time from the estimated date of infection to diagnosis was 32 days. The median time from diagnosis to the initiation of antiretroviral therapy was 11 days, and this has consistently decreased over the last two decades. During the seroconversion phase, 447 (92%) patients reported having symptoms, of which only 73% of the patients were classified as having typical acute retroviral syndrome. The ZPHI study is a well-characterized cohort belonging to the most extensively studied primary HIV infection cohort. Its findings contribute to advancing our understanding of the early stages of HIV infection and pathogenesis, and it is paving the way to further improve HIV translational research and HIV medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12020302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T09:41:59Z","timestamp":1706694119000},"page":"302","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Cohort Profile: The Zurich Primary HIV Infection Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Matt C.","family":"Freind","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Tall\u00f3n de Lara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger D.","family":"Kouyos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Wimmersberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6873-0091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hebert","family":"Kuster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Aceto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Diseases, Klinik im Park, 8027 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Kovari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Diseases, Klinik im Park, 8027 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Flepp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Diseases, Klinik im Park, 8027 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5170-0254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Schibli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Epidemiology and Occupational Health, City Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Hampel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Checkpoint Zurich, 8005 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Grube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Checkpoint Zurich, 8005 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4036-1030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominique L.","family":"Braun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1142-6723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huldrych F.","family":"G\u00fcnthard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283324283","article-title":"The effect of combined antiretroviral therapy on the overall mortality of HIV-infected individuals","volume":"24","author":"Collaboration","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e207954","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.7954","article-title":"Comparison of Overall and Comorbidity-Free Life Expectancy Between Insured Adults with and without HIV Infection, 2000\u20132016","volume":"3","author":"Marcus","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000118","article-title":"Impact of antiretroviral therapy (ART) timing on chronic immune activation\/inflammation and end-organ damage","volume":"10","author":"Rajasuriar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S2055-6640(20)30275-2","article-title":"Establishment of latent HIV-1 reservoirs: What do we really know?","volume":"5","author":"Vanhamel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virus. Erad."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaag1809","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aag1809","article-title":"Delayed differentiation of potent effector CD8(+) T cells reducing viremia and reservoir seeding in acute HIV infection","volume":"9","author":"Takata","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP1776","article-title":"Effect of early antiretroviral therapy during primary HIV-1 infection on cell-associated HIV-1 DNA and plasma HIV-1 RNA","volume":"16","author":"Gianella","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1093137","article-title":"Envelope-constrained neutralization-sensitive HIV-1 after heterosexual transmission","volume":"303","author":"Derdeyn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6523","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.10.6523-6527.2005","article-title":"Characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope variation and neutralizing antibody responses during transmission of HIV-1 subtype B","volume":"79","author":"Frost","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1086\/506625","article-title":"Treatment of acute HIV-1 infection: Is it coming of age?","volume":"194","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03501","article-title":"Massive infection and loss of memory CD4+ T cells in multiple tissues during acute SIV infection","volume":"434","author":"Mattapallil","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200403260-00001","article-title":"Is antiretroviral treatment of primary HIV infection clinically justified on the basis of current evidence?","volume":"18","author":"Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1997.13.1375","article-title":"Early postinfection antiviral treatment reduces viral load and prevents CD4+ cell decline in HIV type 2-infected macaques","volume":"13","author":"Watson","year":"1997","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmid, A., Gianella, S., von Wyl, V., Metzner, K.J., Scherrer, A.U., Niederost, B., Althaus, C.F., Rieder, P., Grube, C., and Joos, B. (2010). Profound depletion of HIV-1 transcription in patients initiating antiretroviral therapy during acute infection. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013310"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trkola, A., and Moore, P.L. (Lancet Infect. Dis., 2023). Vaccinating people living with HIV: A fast track to preventive and therapeutic HIV vaccines, Lancet Infect. Dis., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00481-4"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq164","article-title":"Ambiguous nucleotide calls from population-based sequencing of HIV-1 are a marker for viral diversity and the age of infection","volume":"52","author":"Kouyos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyab141","article-title":"Cohort Profile Update: The Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS)","volume":"51","author":"Scherrer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2010). Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV Infection in Adults and Adolescents: Recommendations for a Public Health Approach: 2010 Revision, World Health Organization. WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2016). Consolidated Guidelines on the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating and Preventing HIV Infection: Recommendations for a Public Health Approach, World Health Organization. [2nd ed.]. WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2015). Guideline on When to Start Antiretroviral Therapy and on Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis for HIV, World Health Organization. WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.7961","article-title":"Antiretroviral treatment of adult HIV infection: 2012 recommendations of the International Antiviral Society-USA panel","volume":"308","author":"Thompson","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy1131","article-title":"Noninferiority of Simplified Dolutegravir Monotherapy Compared to Continued Combination Antiretroviral Therapy That Was Initiated During Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: A Randomized, Controlled, Multisite, Open-label, Noninferiority Trial","volume":"69","author":"Braun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad292","article-title":"Absence of Proviral Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Type 1 Evolution in Early-Treated Individuals with HIV Switching to Dolutegravir Monotherapy during 48 Weeks","volume":"228","author":"Tschumi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ398","article-title":"Frequency and Spectrum of Unexpected Clinical Manifestations of Primary HIV-1 Infection","volume":"61","author":"Braun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad366","article-title":"Sustained Viral Suppression with Dolutegravir Monotherapy over 192 Weeks in Patients Starting Combination Antiretroviral Therapy During Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection (EARLY-SIMPLIFIED): A Randomized, Controlled, Multi-site, Noninferiority Trial","volume":"77","author":"West","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Bundesamt f\u00fcr Gesundheit, S. (2022). Sexuell \u00fcbertragene Infektionen und Hepatitis B\/C in der Schweiz im Jahr 2021: Eine epidemiologische \u00dcbersicht, BAG-Bulletin 45\/2022."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac459","article-title":"Triggers of Change in Sexual Behavior Among People With HIV: The Swiss U U Statement and COVID-19 Compared","volume":"227","author":"Hamusonde","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofv077","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofv077","article-title":"Increases in Condomless Sex in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study","volume":"2","author":"Kouyos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open Forum. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhabokritsky, A., Clarke, R., Rosenes, R., Smith, G., Loutfy, M., Andany, N., Falutz, J., Klein, M., Harris, M., and Guillemi, S. (2023). Correlates of Healthy Aging in Geriatric HIV (CHANGE HIV)-CTN 314. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020517"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0b013e3282f31d4b","article-title":"Treatment of acute HIV-1 infection: Are we getting there?","volume":"3","author":"Cellerai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S278","DOI":"10.1086\/655655","article-title":"Clinical management of acute HIV infection: Best practice remains unknown","volume":"202","author":"Bell","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wyl, V., Gianella, S., Fischer, M., Niederoest, B., Kuster, H., Battegay, M., Bernasconi, E., Cavassini, M., Rauch, A., and Hirschel, B. (2011). Early antiretroviral therapy during primary HIV-1 infection results in a transient reduction of the viral setpoint upon treatment interruption. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027463"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328338e4de","article-title":"HIV-1 transmission after cessation of early antiretroviral therapy among men having sex with men","volume":"24","author":"Rieder","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25446","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25446","article-title":"Decreasing time to antiretroviral therapy initiation after HIV diagnosis in a clinic-based observational cohort study in four African countries","volume":"23","author":"Esber","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Int. AIDS Soc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicolau, V., Cortes, R., Lopes, M., Virgolino, A., Santos, O., Martins, A., Faria, N., Reis, A.P., Santos, C., and Maltez, F. (2021). HIV Infection: Time from Diagnosis to Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy in Portugal, a Multicentric Study. Healthcare, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9070797"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e122","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa620","article-title":"Decreased Time From Human Immunodeficiency Virus Diagnosis to Care, Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation, and Virologic Suppression during the Citywide RAPID Initiative in San Francisco","volume":"73","author":"Bacon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-019-0240-4","article-title":"Leveraging early HIV diagnosis and treatment in Thailand to conduct HIV cure research","volume":"16","author":"Muccini","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2021.06.001","article-title":"Development of a Citywide Rapid Antiretroviral Therapy Initiative in San Francisco","volume":"61","author":"Bacon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.07.024","article-title":"HIV DNA Set Point is Rapidly Established in Acute HIV Infection and Dramatically Reduced by Early ART","volume":"11","author":"Ananworanich","year":"2016","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu184","article-title":"Extragenital gonorrhea and chlamydia testing and infection among men who have sex with men--STD Surveillance Network, United States, 2010\u20132012","volume":"58","author":"Patton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2012-050929","article-title":"Prevalence of pharyngeal and rectal Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections among men who have sex with men in Germany","volume":"90","author":"Haar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sex Transm. Infect."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix873","article-title":"High Rates of Subsequent Asymptomatic Sexually Transmitted Infections and Risky Sexual Behavior in Patients Initially Presenting with Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Infection","volume":"66","author":"Braun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braun, D.L., Kouyos, R., Oberle, C., Grube, C., Joos, B., Fellay, J., McLaren, P.J., Kuster, H., and Gunthard, H.F. (2014). A novel Acute Retroviral Syndrome Severity Score predicts the key surrogate markers for HIV-1 disease progression. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114111"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ732","article-title":"HIV-1 Transmission During Recent Infection and During Treatment Interruptions as Major Drivers of New Infections in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study","volume":"62","author":"Marzel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt276","article-title":"Clustering of HCV coinfections on HIV phylogeny indicates domestic and sexual transmission of HCV","volume":"43","author":"Kouyos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu315","article-title":"Higher risk of incident hepatitis C virus coinfection among men who have sex with men, in whom the HIV genetic bottleneck at transmission was wide","volume":"210","author":"Kouyos","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5849","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000005849","article-title":"Factors associated with syphilis incidence in the HIV-infected in the era of highly active antiretrovirals","volume":"96","author":"Shilaih","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu076","article-title":"Social meets molecular: Combining phylogenetic and latent class analyses to understand HIV-1 transmission in Switzerland","volume":"179","author":"Avila","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12293","article-title":"Simultaneously estimating evolutionary history and repeated traits phylogenetic signal: Applications to viral and host phenotypic evolution","volume":"6","author":"Vrancken","year":"2015","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-016-0299-0","article-title":"Tracing HIV-1 transmission: Envelope traits of HIV-1 transmitter and recipient pairs","volume":"13","author":"Oberle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.28721","article-title":"Assessing the danger of self-sustained HIV epidemics in heterosexuals by population based phylogenetic cluster analysis","volume":"6","author":"Turk","year":"2017","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302027","article-title":"CD8+ T cells are activated in an antigen-independent manner in HIV-infected individuals","volume":"192","author":"Bastidas","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schanz, M., Liechti, T., Zagordi, O., Miho, E., Reddy, S.T., Gunthard, H.F., Trkola, A., and Huber, M. (2014). High-throughput sequencing of human immunoglobulin variable regions with subtype identification. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111726"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1401863","article-title":"The orientation of HIV-1 gp120 binding to the CD4 receptor differentially modulates CD4+ T cell activation","volume":"194","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4187","article-title":"Determinants of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibody induction","volume":"22","author":"Rusert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit310","article-title":"Origin of minority drug-resistant HIV-1 variants in primary HIV-1 infection","volume":"208","author":"Metzner","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-5-107","article-title":"Biphasic decay kinetics suggest progressive slowing in turnover of latently HIV-1 infected cells during antiretroviral therapy","volume":"5","author":"Fischer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv012","article-title":"Assessing the Paradox Between Transmitted and Acquired HIV Type 1 Drug Resistance Mutations in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study from 1998 to 2012","volume":"212","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1244","article-title":"Delay of HIV-1 rebound after cessation of antiretroviral therapy through passive transfer of human neutralizing antibodies","volume":"11","author":"Trkola","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac100","article-title":"The Interplay Between Replication Capacity of HIV-1 and Surrogate Markers of Disease","volume":"226","author":"Rindler","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofac107","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac107","article-title":"Dolutegravir Monotherapy as Maintenance Strategy: A Meta-Analysis of Individual Participant Data From Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"9","author":"Fournier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Forum. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/12\/2\/302\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:52:12Z","timestamp":1760104332000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/12\/2\/302"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms12020302"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms12020302","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]]}}}