{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T16:44:14Z","timestamp":1788281054270,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]],"date-time":"2024-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004488","name":"Croatian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IP-2016-06-7456"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IP-2016-06-7456"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004488","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004488","name":"Croatian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10106-22-3053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10106-22-3053"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004488","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004488","name":"Croatian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NPOO 1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NPOO 1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004488","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CRONEUROARBO","award":["IP-2016-06-7456"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IP-2016-06-7456"]}]},{"name":"CRONEUROARBO","award":["10106-22-3053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10106-22-3053"]}]},{"name":"CRONEUROARBO","award":["NPOO 1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NPOO 1"]}]},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Zagreb","award":["IP-2016-06-7456"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IP-2016-06-7456"]}]},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Zagreb","award":["10106-22-3053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10106-22-3053"]}]},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Zagreb","award":["NPOO 1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NPOO 1"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Croatia","award":["IP-2016-06-7456"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IP-2016-06-7456"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Croatia","award":["10106-22-3053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10106-22-3053"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Croatia","award":["NPOO 1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NPOO 1"]}]},{"name":"FLAVIR","award":["IP-2016-06-7456"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IP-2016-06-7456"]}]},{"name":"FLAVIR","award":["10106-22-3053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10106-22-3053"]}]},{"name":"FLAVIR","award":["NPOO 1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NPOO 1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) represents an important public health problem in Europe. We analyzed the epidemiology of TBE based on data from humans, animals, and Ixodes ricinus ticks in endemic regions of continental Croatia. In the period from 2017 to 2023, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples of 684 patients with neuroinvasive diseases, 2240 horse serum samples, and 300 sheep serum samples were tested for TBEV. In addition, 8751 I. ricinus ticks were collected. CSF samples were tested using RT-PCR. Serological tests (serum, CSF) were performed using commercial ELISA, with confirmation of cross-reactive samples by a virus neutralization test. Eighty-four autochthonous human TBEV cases were confirmed. The majority of patients were in the age group of 40\u201369 years (58.3%) with a male predominance (70.2%). TBE showed a bimodal seasonality with a large peak in April\u2013August and a small one in October\u2013November. In addition to humans, TBEV IgG antibodies were found in 12.2% of horses and 9.7% of sheep. Seasonal tick abundance corresponds to the reported number of human infections. Continental Croatia is still an active natural focus of TBE. Continuous monitoring of infections in humans, sentinel animals, and ticks is needed for the implementation of preventive measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12020386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,14]],"date-time":"2024-02-14T04:18:22Z","timestamp":1707884302000},"page":"386","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["An Overview of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Epidemiology in Endemic Regions of Continental Croatia, 2017\u20132023"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1877-5547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatjana","family":"Vilibic-Cavlek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9275-6117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stjepan","family":"Krcmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Bogdanic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morana","family":"Tomljenovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Teaching Institute of Public Health of the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ljubo","family":"Barbic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8599-8951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dobrica","family":"Roncevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Teaching Institute of Public Health of the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Studies, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8283-6065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dario","family":"Sabadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Clinical Hospital Center Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"Medical Faculty, University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9532-1111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marko","family":"Vucelja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8492-1418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marija","family":"Santini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"University Hospital for Infectious Diseases \u201cDr. Fran Mihaljevic\u201d, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blazenka","family":"Hunjak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Applied Health Sciences, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Stevanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marko","family":"Boljfetic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Bjedov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viktor","family":"Masovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanja","family":"Potocnik-Hunjadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital Varazdin, 42000 Varazdin, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0706-961X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danijela","family":"Lakoseljac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Teaching Institute of Public Health of the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Studies, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Al-Mufleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, County Hospital Cakovec, 40000 Cakovec, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0398-5346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir","family":"Savic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poultry Center, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"2200543","article-title":"Spatiotemporal spread of tick-borne encephalitis in the EU\/EEA, 2012 to 2020","volume":"28","author":"Haussig","year":"2023","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000924","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis","volume":"36","author":"Johnson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. 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