{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T05:49:53Z","timestamp":1789019393800,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,17]],"date-time":"2024-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Pfizer Global Medical Grant (Pfizer, Inc., USA)","award":["69687921"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["69687921"]}]},{"name":"Pfizer Global Medical Grant (Pfizer, Inc., USA)","award":["2021\/14465-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/14465-1"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo)","award":["69687921"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["69687921"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo)","award":["2021\/14465-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/14465-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite the introduction of the pneumococcal vaccine, Streptococcus pneumoniae remains a cause of invasive diseases in Brazil. This study provides the distribution of serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns for pneumococcal isolates before and during the years of the COVID-19 pandemic in two age groups, &lt;5 and \u226550 years. This is a national laboratory-based surveillance study that uses data from the Brazilian national laboratory for invasive S. pneumoniae from the pre-COVID-19 (January 2016 to January 2020) and COVID-19 (February 2020 to May 2022) periods. Antimicrobial resistance was evaluated by disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration. The year 2020 was marked by a 44.6% reduction in isolates received and was followed by an upward trend from 2021 onwards, which became evident in 2022. No differences were observed in serotypes distribution between the studied periods. The COVID-19 period was marked by the high prevalence of serotypes 19A, 3, and 6C in both age groups. Serotypes 19A and 6C were related to non-antimicrobial susceptibility. We observed a reduction in S. pneumoniae, without changes in serotypes distribution and epidemiological capsular switch during the COVID-19 period. We observed elevated resistance rates, mainly to penicillin and ceftriaxone for non-meningitis cases in children under 5 years of age.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12020401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]],"date-time":"2024-02-19T11:23:57Z","timestamp":1708341837000},"page":"401","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Serotype Distribution and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Streptococcus pneumoniae in COVID-19 Pandemic Era in Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0714-8142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samanta C. G.","family":"Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Bacteriology, National Laboratory for Meningitis and Invasive Pneumococcal Infections, Institute Adolfo Lutz, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7205-576X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Paula S. de","family":"Lemos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Bacteriology, National Laboratory for Meningitis and Invasive Pneumococcal Infections, Institute Adolfo Lutz, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6837-0636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Luiza","family":"Bierrenbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital S\u00edrio-Liban\u00eas, Institute of Education and Researcher, S\u00e3o Paulo 01308-060, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 C\u00e1ssio de","family":"Moraes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Santa Casa of S\u00e3o Paulo School of Medical Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo 01224-001, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Cristina de Cunto","family":"Brandileone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Bacteriology, National Laboratory for Meningitis and Invasive Pneumococcal Infections, Institute Adolfo Lutz, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0001-8","article-title":"Streptococcus pneumoniae: Transmission, colonization and invasion","volume":"16","author":"Weiser","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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