{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T13:37:46Z","timestamp":1767706666501,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc.","award":["CEI PI-21-30"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEI PI-21-30"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: The multifaceted impact of COVID-19 extends beyond the respiratory system, encompassing intricate interactions with various physiological systems. This study elucidates the potential association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and anemia, with a particular emphasis on the deformability of red blood cells (RBCs), stability of hemoglobin, enzymatic activities, and proteomic profiles. Methods: The study encompasses a cohort of 74 individuals, including individuals positive for COVID-19, a control group, and patients with other viral infections to discern the specific effects attributable to COVID-19. The analysis of red blood cells was focused on deformability measured by osmotic gradient ektacytometry, hemoglobin stability, and glycolytic enzyme activity. Furthermore, membrane proteins were examined using advanced proteomics techniques to capture molecular-level changes. Results: Findings from the study suggest a correlation between anemia and exacerbated outcomes in COVID-19 patients, marked by significant elevations in d-dimer, serum procalcitonin, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels. These observations suggest that chronic kidney disease (CKD) may play a role in the development of anemia in COVID-19 patients, particularly those of advanced age with comorbidities. Furthermore, the proteomic analyses have highlighted a complex relationship between omics data and RBC parameters, enriching our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the disease. Conclusions: This research substantiates the complex interrelationship between COVID-19 and anemia, with a specific emphasis on the potential repercussions of SARS-CoV-2 infection on RBCs. The findings contribute to the growing body of evidence supporting the extensive impact of COVID-19 on RBCs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12030453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T06:07:39Z","timestamp":1708668459000},"page":"453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Anemia\u2014A Focus on RBC Deformability and Membrane Proteomics\u2014Integrated Observational Prospective Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2258-6490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo","family":"D\u2019Alessandro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Campus, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Krisnevskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Red Blood Cells and Haematopoietic Disorders, Josep Carreras Institute for Leukaemia Research (IJC), 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Leguizamon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Red Blood Cells and Haematopoietic Disorders, Josep Carreras Institute for Leukaemia Research (IJC), 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ines","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Haematology Department, ICO-Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9363-291X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"de la Torre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Proteomic Unit at Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute IJC Building, Campus ICO-Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3486-781X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan-Josep","family":"Bech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Proteomic Unit at Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute IJC Building, Campus ICO-Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josep-Tom\u00e0s","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Haematology Department, ICO-Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1820-2594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan-Lluis","family":"Vives-Corrons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Red Blood Cells and Haematopoietic Disorders, Josep Carreras Institute for Leukaemia Research (IJC), 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4455","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.0c00606","article-title":"Evidence of Structural Protein Damage and Membrane Lipid Remodeling in Red Blood Cells from COVID-19 Patients","volume":"19","author":"Thomas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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