{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:56:43Z","timestamp":1787029003477,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":346,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"BBSRC","award":["BB\/Y001125\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/Y001125\/1"]}]},{"name":"University Federal Fluminense (UFF)","award":["BB\/Y001125\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/Y001125\/1"]}]},{"name":"Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support in the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ)","award":["BB\/Y001125\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/Y001125\/1"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["BB\/Y001125\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/Y001125\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This overview initially describes insect immune reactions and then brings together present knowledge of the interactions of vector insects with their invading parasites and pathogens. It is a way of introducing this Special Issue with subsequent papers presenting the latest details of these interactions in each particular group of vectors. Hopefully, this paper will fill a void in the literature since brief descriptions of vector immunity have now been brought together in one publication and could form a starting point for those interested and new to this important area. Descriptions are given on the immune reactions of mosquitoes, blackflies, sandflies, tsetse flies, lice, fleas and triatomine bugs. Cellular and humoral defences are described separately but emphasis is made on the co-operation of these processes in the completed immune response. The paper also emphasises the need for great care in extracting haemocytes for subsequent study as appreciation of their fragile nature is often overlooked with the non-sterile media, smearing techniques and excessive centrifugation sometimes used. The potential vital role of eicosanoids in the instigation of many of the immune reactions described is also discussed. Finally, the priming of the immune system, mainly in mosquitoes, is considered and one possible mechanism is presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12030568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T12:17:16Z","timestamp":1710245836000},"page":"568","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Immune Reactions of Vector Insects to Parasites and Pathogens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Norman Arthur","family":"Ratcliffe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA28PP, UK"},{"name":"Biology Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter\u00f3i 24210-130, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cicero Brasileiro","family":"Mello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter\u00f3i 24210-130, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena Carla","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter\u00f3i 24210-130, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0558-2666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Dyson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Science, Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA28PP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcela","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Science, Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA28PP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3510","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201200300","article-title":"Update on the proteomics of major arthropod vectors of human and animal pathogens","volume":"12","author":"Patramool","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2012.03.029","article-title":"The bacterial flora of tsetse fly midgut and its effect on trypanosome transmission","volume":"112","author":"Soumana","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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