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In this study, we analyzed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of 12 proinflammatory chemokines (CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL11, CCL17, CCL20, CXCL1, CXCL5, CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11) in 77 patients with neuroinvasive diseases (NIDs). Flavivirus infection was confirmed in 62 patients (TBEV and WNV in 31 patients each), while in 15 patients the etiology of NID was not determined (NDE). Similar patterns of high-level expression of chemokines regulating monocyte\/macrophage responses (CCL2), neutrophil recruitment (CXCL1 and CXCL8), and interferon-inducible chemoattractants for leukocytes (CXCL10 and CXCL11) have been observed in WNV and TBEV groups. None of the tested chemokines significantly differed between patients with TBEV or WNV. Concentrations of CCL17, CCL20, CXCL5, CXCL10, and CXCL11 were significantly lower in both WNV and TBEV groups compared to NID NDE patients. The logistic regression model showed that CSF concentrations of CXCL11, CXCL5, and CXCL10 could potentially be used for the classification of patients into the WNV or TBEV group versus groups with other NIDs. This study identified, for the first time, similar patterns of CSF chemokine expression in WNV and TBEV infections, suggesting common immunopathogenic mechanisms in neuroinvasive flavivirus infections that should be further evaluated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12040657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T13:16:41Z","timestamp":1711459001000},"page":"657","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Proinflammatory Chemokine Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Neuroinvasive Flavivirus Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9852-5806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Snjezana","family":"Zidovec-Lepej","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunological and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases \u201cDr. Fran Mihaljevic\u201d, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristian","family":"Boduli\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases \u201cDr. Fran Mihaljevic\u201d, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Bogdanic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3341-957X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lana","family":"Gorenec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunological and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases \u201cDr. Fran Mihaljevic\u201d, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0398-5346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir","family":"Savic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poultry Center, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7571-8779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivana","family":"Grgic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunological and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases \u201cDr. Fran Mihaljevic\u201d, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8283-6065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dario","family":"Sabadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Clinical Hospital Center Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8492-1418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marija","family":"Santini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Infections in Immunocompromised Patients, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases \u201cDr. Fran Mihaljevic\u201d, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9362-7213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leona","family":"Radmanic Matotek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunological and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases \u201cDr. Fran Mihaljevic\u201d, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasmina","family":"Kucinar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Serology and Immunology, Istria County Institute of Public Health, 52100 Pula, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5170-947X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ljubo","family":"Barbic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ljiljana","family":"Zmak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4917-9270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Ferenc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Merkur University Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Stevanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ljiljana","family":"Antolasic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ljiljana","family":"Milasincic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department 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Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"2200543","article-title":"Spatiotemporal spread of tick-borne encephalitis in the EU\/EEA, 2012 to 2020","volume":"28","author":"Haussig","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"ECDC (2024, February 22). 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