{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T23:23:33Z","timestamp":1778801013097,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are environmental and ubiquitous, but only a few species are associated with disease, often presented as nodular\/bronchiectatic or cavitary pulmonary forms. Bronchiectasis, airways dilatations characterized by chronic productive cough, is the main presentation of NTM pulmonary disease. The current Cole\u2019s vicious circle model for bronchiectasis proposes that it progresses from a damaging insult, such as pneumonia, that affects the respiratory epithelium and compromises mucociliary clearance mechanisms, allowing microorganisms to colonize the airways. An important bronchiectasis risk factor is primary ciliary dyskinesia, but other ciliopathies, such as those associated with connective tissue diseases, also seem to facilitate bronchiectasis, as may occur in Lady Windermere syndrome, caused by M. avium infection. Inhaled NTM may become part of the lung microbiome. If the dose is too large, they may grow excessively as a biofilm and lead to disease. The incidence of NTM pulmonary disease has increased in the last two decades, which may have influenced the parallel increase in bronchiectasis incidence. We propose that ciliary dyskinesia is the main promoter of bronchiectasis, and that the bacteria most frequently involved are NTM. Restoration of ciliary function and impairment of mycobacterial biofilm formation may provide effective therapeutic alternatives to antibiotics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12040665","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T14:14:09Z","timestamp":1711548849000},"page":"665","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Nontuberculous Mycobacteria, Mucociliary Clearance, and Bronchiectasis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Miriam","family":"Retuerto-Guerrero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Reumatolog\u00eda, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Le\u00f3n, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y Le\u00f3n (SACYL), Altos de Nava, s\/n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2148-9936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramiro","family":"L\u00f3pez-Medrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Microbiolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Le\u00f3n, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y Le\u00f3n (SACYL), Altos de Nava, s\/n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"de Freitas-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Neumolog\u00eda, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Le\u00f3n, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y Le\u00f3n (SACYL), Altos de Nava, s\/n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Octavio Miguel","family":"Rivero-Lezcano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Le\u00f3n, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y Le\u00f3n (SACYL), Altos de Nava, s\/n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbres.2022.11.007","article-title":"Is bronchiectasis a reversible disorder?","volume":"59","author":"Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. 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