{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T08:32:11Z","timestamp":1765960331587,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Valneva"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Controlled human infection models are important tools for the evaluation of vaccines against diseases where an appropriate correlate of protection has not been identified. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strain LSN03-016011\/A (LSN03) is an LT enterotoxin and CS17-expressing ETEC strain useful for evaluating vaccine candidates targeting LT-expressing strains. We sought to confirm the ability of the LSN03 strain to induce moderate-to-severe diarrhea in a healthy American adult population, as well as the impact of immunization with an investigational cholera\/ETEC vaccine (VLA-1701) on disease outcomes. A randomized, double-blinded pilot study was conducted in which participants received two doses of VLA1701 or placebo orally, one week apart; eight days after the second vaccination, 30 participants (15 vaccinees and 15 placebo recipients) were challenged with approximately 5 \u00d7 109 colony-forming units of LSN03. The vaccine was well tolerated, with no significant adverse events. The vaccine also induced serum IgA and IgG responses to LT. After challenge, 11 of the placebo recipients (73.3%; 95%CI: 48.0\u201389.1) and 7 of the VLA1701 recipients (46.7%; 95%CI: 24.8\u201368.8) had moderate-to-severe diarrhea (p = 0.26), while 14 placebo recipients (93%) and 8 vaccine recipients (53.3%) experienced diarrhea of any severity, resulting in a protective efficacy of 42.9% (p = 0.035). In addition, the vaccine also appeared to provide protection against more severe diarrhea (p = 0.054). Vaccinees also tended to shed lower levels of the LSN03 challenge strain compared to placebo recipients (p = 0.056). In addition, the disease severity score was lower for the vaccinees than for the placebo recipients (p = 0.046). In summary, the LSN03 ETEC challenge strain induced moderate-to-severe diarrhea in 73.3% of placebo recipients. VLA1701 vaccination ameliorated disease severity, as observed by several parameters, including the percentage of participants experiencing diarrhea, as well as stool frequency and ETEC severity scores. These data highlight the potential value of LSN03 as a suitable ETEC challenge strain to evaluate LT-based vaccine targets (NCT03576183).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12040727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T08:42:34Z","timestamp":1712133754000},"page":"727","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Validation of a Human Challenge Model Using an LT-Expressing Enterotoxigenic E. coli Strain (LSN03-016011) and Characterization of Potential Amelioration of Disease by an Investigational Oral Vaccine Candidate (VLA1701)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4899-6260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kawsar R.","family":"Talaat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chad K.","family":"Porter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6446-0255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Subhra","family":"Chakraborty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brittany L.","family":"Feijoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Brubaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brittany M.","family":"Adjoodani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"DeNearing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael G.","family":"Prouty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven T.","family":"Poole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. Louis","family":"Bourgeois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Madison","family":"Billingsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Sack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Eder-Lingelbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Valneva, Austria GmbH, 1030 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Taucher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Valneva, Austria GmbH, 1030 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GBD 2016 Causes of Death Collaborators (2017). 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