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province","award":["2020B020222001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B020222001"]}]},{"name":"construction project of modern agricultural science and technology innovation alliance in Guangdong province","award":["31602053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31602053"]}]},{"name":"construction project of modern agricultural science and technology innovation alliance in Guangdong province","award":["32272981"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32272981"]}]},{"name":"construction project of modern agricultural science and technology innovation alliance in Guangdong province","award":["DT20220003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DT20220003"]}]},{"name":"construction project of modern agricultural science and technology innovation alliance in Guangdong province","award":["2018B030315009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018B030315009"]}]},{"name":"construction project of modern agricultural science and technology innovation alliance in Guangdong province","award":["2022A1515012115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A1515012115"]}]},{"name":"construction project of modern agricultural science and technology innovation alliance in Guangdong province","award":["2022KJ128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KJ128"]}]},{"name":"construction project of modern agricultural science and technology innovation alliance in Guangdong province","award":["2023KJ128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023KJ128"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Subgroup J avian leukemia virus (ALV-J) and chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) are widely acknowledged as significant immunosuppressive pathogens that commonly co-infect chickens, causing substantial economic losses in the poultry industry. However, whether co-infection of ALV-J and CIAV have synergistic pathogenicity remains uncertain. To explore their synergistic pathogenesis, we established a co-infection model of ALV-J and CIAV in HD11 cells and specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. We discovered that ALV-J and CIAV can synergistically promote the secretion of IL-6, IL-10, IFN-\u03b1, and IFN-\u03b3 and apoptosis in HD11 cells. In\u00a0vivo, compared to the ALV-J and CIAV mono-infected group, the mortality increased significantly by 27% (20 to 47%) and 14% (33 to 47%) in the co-infected group, respectively. We also discovered that ALV-J and CIAV synergistically inhibited weight gain and exhibited more severe organ damage in co-infected chickens. Furthermore, we found that CIAV can promote the replication of ALV-J in HD11 cells and significantly enhance ALV-J viral load in blood and tissues of co-infected chickens, but ALV-J cannot promote the replication of CIAV. Moreover, by measuring the immune organ indexes and proportions of blood CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ lymphocytes, more serious instances of immunosuppression were observed in ALV-J and CIAV co-infected chickens than in mono-infected chickens. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that ALV-J and CIAV synergistically enhance pathogenicity and immunosuppression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12040740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T08:27:52Z","timestamp":1712305672000},"page":"740","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Synergy of Subgroup J Avian Leukosis Virus and Chicken Infectious Anemia Virus Enhances the Pathogenicity in Chickens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Huijuan","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenxue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongxin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Heyuan 517001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3232-4929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Heyuan 517001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingmei","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Heyuan 517001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiguo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Heyuan 517001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1637\/8909-043009-Review.1","article-title":"Clinical aspects of immunosuppression in poultry","volume":"54","author":"Hoerr","year":"2010","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1637\/11841-041318-Review.1","article-title":"Virus-Induced Immunosuppression in Chickens","volume":"62","author":"Gimeno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Avian 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