{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:56:59Z","timestamp":1787029019335,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ZonMW and Dutch Diabetes foundation","award":["95105011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["95105011"]}]},{"name":"ZonMW and Dutch Diabetes foundation","award":["09150182010020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["09150182010020"]}]},{"name":"personal ZONMW-VICI grant 2020","award":["95105011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["95105011"]}]},{"name":"personal ZONMW-VICI grant 2020","award":["09150182010020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["09150182010020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ageing changes the impact of nutrition, whereby inflammation has been suggested to play a role in age-related disabilities such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to investigate differences in postprandial bile-acid response and its effect on energy metabolism between young and elderly people. Nine young, healthy men and nine elderly, healthy men underwent a liquid mixed-meal test. Postprandial bile-acid levels, insulin, glucose, GLP-1, C4, FGF19 and lipids were measured. Appetite, body composition, energy expenditure and gut microbiome were also measured. The elderly population showed lower glycine conjugated CDCA and UDCA levels and higher abundances of Ruminiclostridium, Marvinbryantia and Catenibacterium, but lower food intake, decreased fat free mass and increased cholesterol levels. Aging is associated with changes in postprandial bile-acid composition and microbiome, diminished hunger and changes in body composition and lipid levels. Further studies are needed to determine if these changes may contribute to malnutrition and sarcopenia in elderly.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12040764","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T06:07:46Z","timestamp":1712729266000},"page":"764","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Age-Dependent Differences in Postprandial Bile-Acid Metabolism and the Role of the Gut Microbiome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Soumia","family":"Majait","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Clinical Pharmacy, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma C. E.","family":"Meessen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3081-9124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Davids","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6223-3454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youssef","family":"Chahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Clinical Pharmacy, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5202-9345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven W.","family":"Olde Damink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1597-572X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank G.","family":"Schaap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2275-1713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellis Marleen","family":"Kemper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"Nieuwdorp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maarten R.","family":"Soeters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"United Nations (2020). World Population Ageing 2020 Highlights: Living Arrangements of Older Persons, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cox, N.J., Ibrahim, K., Sayer, A.A., Robinson, S.M., and Roberts, H.C. (2019). Assessment and treatment of the anorexia of aging: A systematic review. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11010144"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00061.2017","article-title":"Sarcopenia: Aging-related loss of muscle mass and function","volume":"99","author":"Larsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-019-01170-1","article-title":"Malnutrition and sarcopenia","volume":"31","author":"Sieber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"291-e245","article-title":"Gastrointestinal peptides, gastrointestinal motility, and anorexia of aging in frail elderly persons","volume":"25","author":"Mans","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E494","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00534.2018","article-title":"Differential effects of a 40-hour fast and bile acid supplementation on human GLP-1 and FGF19 responses","volume":"317","author":"Meessen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665116002822","article-title":"Investigating cholesterol metabolism and ageing using a systems biology approach","volume":"76","author":"Morgan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2009.08.001","article-title":"TGR5-mediated bile acid sensing controls glucose homeostasis","volume":"10","author":"Thomas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.11.006","article-title":"TGR5 activation inhibits atherosclerosis by reducing macrophage inflammation and lipid loading","volume":"14","author":"Pols","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04330","article-title":"Bile acids induce energy expenditure by promoting intracellular thyroid hormone activation","volume":"439","author":"Watanabe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22771","article-title":"High expression of the bile salt-homeostatic hormone fibroblast growth factor 19 in the liver of patients with extrahepatic cholestasis","volume":"49","author":"Schaap","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610203008779","article-title":"Eating habits and appetite control in the elderly: The anorexia of aging","volume":"15","author":"Donini","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-014-9289-5","article-title":"Effects of GLP-1 on appetite and weight","volume":"15","author":"Shah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00010.2008","article-title":"Role of bile acids and bile acid receptors in metabolic regulation","volume":"89","author":"Lefebvre","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1993.tb00761.x","article-title":"Effect of ageing on postprandial conjugated and unconjugated serum bile acid levels in healthy subjects","volume":"23","author":"Salemans","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, P., Zhang, X., Feng, W., Xu, W., Wu, C., Xie, S., Yu, S., and Fu, R. (2023). Biological synthesis of ursodeoxycholic acid. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1140662"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2016.1256525","article-title":"Nutrition and the gut microbiome in the elderly","volume":"8","author":"Salazar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.07.006","article-title":"Ruminiclostridium 5, Parabacteroides distasonis, and bile acid profile are modulated by prebiotic diet and associate with facilitated sleep\/clock realignment after chronic disruption of rhythms","volume":"97","author":"Thompson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)34386-8","article-title":"Estimation of bile acid pool sizes from their spillover into systemic blood","volume":"26","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(87)90430-6","article-title":"Simulation of the metabolism and enterohepatic circulation of endogenous deoxycholic acid in humans using a physiologic pharmacokinetic model for bile acid metabolism","volume":"93","author":"Hofmann","year":"1987","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.27.5.550","article-title":"Intestinal transit, deoxycholic acid and the cholesterol saturation of bile--three inter-related factors","volume":"27","author":"Marcus","year":"1986","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2023.03.022","article-title":"The gut microbiota-bile acid axis mediates the beneficial associations between plasma vitamin D and metabolic syndrome in Chinese adults: A prospective study","volume":"42","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, Q.-Y., Tian, J.-X., Li, M., Lian, F.-M., Zhao, L.-H., Wei, X.-X., Han, L., Zheng, Y.-J., Gao, Z.-Z., and Yang, H.-Y. (2020). Interactions between therapeutics for metabolic disease, cardiovascular risk factors, and gut microbiota. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.530160"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04480-z","article-title":"Human gut bacteria produce \u03a4H17-modulating bile acid metabolites","volume":"603","author":"Paik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2017.06.015","article-title":"Transhepatic bile acid kinetics in pigs and humans","volume":"37","author":"Eggink","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0000000000000473","article-title":"Transintestinal cholesterol excretion in humans","volume":"29","author":"Reeskamp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(16)30155-3","article-title":"Clinical relevance of the bile acid receptor TGR5 in metabolism","volume":"5","author":"Scheltema","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.31128\/AJGP-02-23-6731","article-title":"New anti-obesity medications: Considerations and future directions in people with concurrent eating disorders","volume":"52","author":"Sharp","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aust. J. Gen. Pract."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.07.002","article-title":"The bile acid chenodeoxycholic acid increases human brown adipose tissue activity","volume":"22","author":"Broeders","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14358","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14358","article-title":"Model-based data analysis of individual human postprandial plasma bile acid responses indicates a major role for the gallbladder and intestine","volume":"8","author":"Meessen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phelps, T., Snyder, E., Rodriguez, E., Child, H., and Harvey, P. (2019). The influence of biological sex and sex hormones on bile acid synthesis and cholesterol homeostasis. Biol. Sex Differ., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-019-0265-3"}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/12\/4\/764\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:25:36Z","timestamp":1760106336000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/12\/4\/764"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms12040764"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms12040764","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]]}}}