{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T00:36:00Z","timestamp":1792197360945,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":153,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, the number of foodborne infections with non-O1 and non-O139 Vibrio cholerae (NOVC) has increased worldwide. These have ranged from sporadic infection cases to localized outbreaks. The majority of case reports describe self-limiting gastroenteritis. However, severe gastroenteritis and even cholera-like symptoms have also been described. All reported diarrheal cases can be traced back to the consumption of contaminated seafood. As climate change alters the habitats and distribution patterns of aquatic bacteria, there is a possibility that the number of infections and outbreaks caused by Vibrio spp. will further increase, especially in countries where raw or undercooked seafood is consumed or clean drinking water is lacking. Against this background, this review article focuses on a possible infection pathway and how NOVC can survive in the human host after oral ingestion, colonize intestinal epithelial cells, express virulence factors causing diarrhea, and is excreted by the human host to return to the environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12040818","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T07:55:54Z","timestamp":1713426954000},"page":"818","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Non-O1\/Non-O139 Vibrio cholerae\u2014An Underestimated Foodborne Pathogen? An Overview of Its Virulence Genes and Regulatory Systems Involved in Pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Quantao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, K\u00f6nigsweg 69, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Alter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, K\u00f6nigsweg 69, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Fleischmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, K\u00f6nigsweg 69, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.01.006","article-title":"Dynamics in genome evolution of Vibrio cholerae","volume":"23","author":"Banerjee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. 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