{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T23:19:47Z","timestamp":1787613587034,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Ministry of Health through a grant to Robert Koch Institute","award":["ZM I5-2520GHP703"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZM I5-2520GHP703"]}]},{"name":"German Ministry of Health through a grant to Robert Koch Institute","award":["ZMI5-2523GHP010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZMI5-2523GHP010"]}]},{"name":"Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut in the framework of the Global Health Protection Programme","award":["ZM I5-2520GHP703"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZM I5-2520GHP703"]}]},{"name":"Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut in the framework of the Global Health Protection Programme","award":["ZMI5-2523GHP010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZMI5-2523GHP010"]}]},{"name":"University of Namibia research funds","award":["ZM I5-2520GHP703"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZM I5-2520GHP703"]}]},{"name":"University of Namibia research funds","award":["ZMI5-2523GHP010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZMI5-2523GHP010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This research examined the positivity ratio of Crimean\u2013Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) antibodies in cattle and sheep within Namibia\u2019s Omaheke region after a human disease outbreak in the same geographical area. A total of 200 samples (100 cattle and 100 sheep) were randomly collected from animals brought to two regional auction sites, and then tested using the ID Screen\u00ae CCHF Double Antigen Multi-Species Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay kit. Of the cattle samples, 36% tested positive, while 22% of the sheep samples were seropositive. The cattle had a significantly higher positivity ratio than sheep at the individual animal level (p = 0.0291). At the herd level, 62.5% of cattle herds and 45.5% of sheep flocks had at least one positive animal, but this difference was statistically insignificant (p = 0.2475). The fourteen cattle farms with at least one seropositive animal were dispersed across the Omaheke region. In contrast, the ten sheep farms with seropositive cases were predominantly situated in the southern half of the region. The study concluded that the CCHF is endemic in the Omaheke region and likely in most of Namibia, underscoring the importance of continued surveillance and preventive measures to mitigate the impact of CCHFV on animal health and potential spillover into human populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12040838","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T09:53:52Z","timestamp":1713779632000},"page":"838","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Serological Evidence of Crimean\u2013Congo Haemorrhagic Fever in Livestock in the Omaheke Region of Namibia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0646-6250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alaster","family":"Samkange","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences & Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek 10005, Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pricilla","family":"Mbiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences & Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek 10005, Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ophelia Chuma","family":"Matomola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences & Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek 10005, Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgina","family":"Zaire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Private Bag 13184, Windhoek 10005, Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Homateni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Private Bag 13184, Windhoek 10005, Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elifas","family":"Junias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Private Bag 13184, Windhoek 10005, Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Israel","family":"Kaatura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences & Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek 10005, Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siegfried","family":"Khaiseb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences & Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek 10005, Namibia"},{"name":"Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Private Bag 13184, Windhoek 10005, Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simson","family":"Ekandjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Private Bag 13184, Windhoek 10005, Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Shoopala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Private Bag 13184, Windhoek 10005, Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magrecia","family":"Hausiku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Private Bag 13184, Windhoek 10005, Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albertina","family":"Shilongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Private Bag 13184, Windhoek 10005, Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mushabati Linus","family":"Mujiwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences & Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek 10005, Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6138-6707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaas","family":"Dietze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of International Animal Health\/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler Institute, 17489 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5541-4994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Busch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of International Animal Health\/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler Institute, 17489 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Winter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for International Health Protection, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for International Health Protection, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4835-3695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for International Health Protection, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5384-2493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simbarashe","family":"Chitanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences & Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek 10005, Namibia"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, P.O. 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