{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T18:06:30Z","timestamp":1791914790412,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":254,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]],"date-time":"2024-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance is recognised as one of the top threats healthcare is bound to face in the future. There have been various attempts to preserve the efficacy of existing antimicrobials, develop new and efficient antimicrobials, manage infections with multi-drug resistant strains, and improve patient outcomes, resulting in a growing mass of routinely available data, including electronic health records and microbiological information that can be employed to develop individualised antimicrobial stewardship. Machine learning methods have been developed to predict antimicrobial resistance from whole-genome sequencing data, forecast medication susceptibility, recognise epidemic patterns for surveillance purposes, or propose new antibacterial treatments and accelerate scientific discovery. Unfortunately, there is an evident gap between the number of machine learning applications in science and the effective implementation of these systems. This narrative review highlights some of the outstanding opportunities that machine learning offers when applied in research related to antimicrobial resistance. In the future, machine learning tools may prove to be superbugs\u2019 kryptonite. This review aims to provide an overview of available publications to aid researchers that are looking to expand their work with new approaches and to acquaint them with the current application of machine learning techniques in this field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12050842","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]],"date-time":"2024-04-23T08:08:27Z","timestamp":1713859707000},"page":"842","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Tackling the Antimicrobial Resistance \u201cPandemic\u201d with Machine Learning Tools: A Summary of Available Evidence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7018-4947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doris","family":"Rusic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Split School of Medicine, Soltanska 2A, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9696-3359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marko","family":"Kumric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Soltanska 2A, 21000 Split, Croatia"},{"name":"Laboratory for Cardiometabolic Research, University of Split School of Medicine, Soltanska 2A, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7927-5311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Seselja Perisin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Split School of Medicine, Soltanska 2A, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5126-3869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dario","family":"Leskur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Split School of Medicine, Soltanska 2A, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9316-5538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josipa","family":"Bukic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Split School of Medicine, Soltanska 2A, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9508-9383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darko","family":"Modun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Split School of Medicine, Soltanska 2A, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5433-5063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marino","family":"Vilovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Soltanska 2A, 21000 Split, Croatia"},{"name":"Laboratory for Cardiometabolic Research, University of Split School of Medicine, Soltanska 2A, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josip","family":"Vrdoljak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Soltanska 2A, 21000 Split, Croatia"},{"name":"Laboratory for Cardiometabolic Research, University of Split School of Medicine, Soltanska 2A, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2060-5130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dinko","family":"Martinovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Soltanska 2A, 21000 Split, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital of Split, Spinciceva 1, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marko","family":"Grahovac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, University of Split School of Medicine, Soltanska 2A, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1634-0635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josko","family":"Bozic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Soltanska 2A, 21000 Split, Croatia"},{"name":"Laboratory for Cardiometabolic Research, University of Split School of Medicine, Soltanska 2A, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakagianni, A., Koufopoulou, C., Feretzakis, G., Kalles, D., Verykios, V.S., Myrianthefs, P., and Fildisis, G. 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