{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T18:00:06Z","timestamp":1776362406004,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kitasato University","award":["R2104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R2104"]}]},{"name":"Kitasato University","award":["R2204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R2204"]}]},{"name":"Kitasato University","award":["R2304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R2304"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum (SG) causes fowl typhoid, a notifiable infectious disease in poultry. However, the pathogenic mechanism of SG-induced systemic infection in chickens remains unclear. Thioredoxin reductase (TrxB) is a redox protein crucial for regulating various enzyme activities in Salmonella serovar, but the role in SG-induced chicken systemic infection has yet to be determined. Here, we constructed a mutant SG strain lacking the trxB gene (trxB::Cm) and used chicken embryo inoculation and chicken oral infection to investigate the role of trxB gene in the pathogenicity of SG. Our results showed that trxB::Cm exhibited no apparent differences in colony morphology and growth conditions but exhibited reduced tolerance to H2O2 and increased resistance to bile acids. In the chicken embryo inoculation model, there was no significant difference in the pathogenicity of trxB::Cm and wild-type (WT) strains. In the chicken oral infection, the WT-infected group exhibited typical clinical symptoms of fowl typhoid, with complete mortality between days 6 and 9 post infection. In contrast, the trxB::Cm group showed a 100% survival rate, with no apparent clinical symptoms or pathological changes observed. The viable bacterial counts in the liver and spleen of the trxB::Cm-infected group were significantly reduced, accompanied by decreased expression of cytokines and chemokines (IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-12, CXCLi1, TNF-\u03b1, and IFN-\u03b3), which were significantly lower than those in the WT group. These results show that the pathogenicity of the trxB-deficient strain was significantly attenuated, indicating that the trxB gene is a crucial virulence factor in SG-induced systemic infection in chickens, suggesting that trxB may become a potentially effective target for controlling and preventing SG infection in chickens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12061180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T11:58:58Z","timestamp":1718107138000},"page":"1180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Critical Involvement of the Thioredoxin Reductase Gene (trxB) in Salmonella Gallinarum-Induced Systemic Infection in Chickens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Zhihao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada 034-8628, Japan"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zuo","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada 034-8628, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shinjiro","family":"Ojima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada 034-8628, Japan"},{"name":"Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoying","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada 034-8628, Japan"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9340-6015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Makoto","family":"Sugiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada 034-8628, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4581-6690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hisaya K.","family":"Ono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada 034-8628, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4797-1117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong-Liang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada 034-8628, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2010.542575","article-title":"Pullorum disease and fowl typhoid-new thoughts on old diseases: A review","volume":"40","author":"Paul","year":"2011","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2019.05.019","article-title":"Molecular evolution of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum in the field","volume":"235","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. 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