{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:12:43Z","timestamp":1760145163297,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polish National Science Centre","award":["N311 476239"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N311 476239"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of the research was to determine the effect of the use of a diet containing 30% triticale grain. In an experiment lasting 28 days, 180 one-day Ross-308 chickens (sex ratio 1:1) with an average initial body weight in treatment of 44.6 g were randomly assigned to 30 metabolic cages\/replications, 6 birds in each. To compare the results between treatments, a one-way ANOVA was used with uneven replication numbers. The control group (I) received a standard diet containing maize and soybean meal. In the other treatments, 30% of different cereals were used: II\u2014wheat, III\u2014barley, and IV\u2014triticale. Significant differences in body weight (BW) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed on the 4th day of the life of broiler chickens (p &lt; 0.05). Differences were determined between the control group (90.7 g BW and 1.32 kg of feed\/kg BWG in the case of FCR) and birds receiving barley (93.0 g BW and 1.29 kg of feed\/kg BWG in the case of FCR), compared to chickens fed diets with a 30% share of wheat grain (86.2 g BW and 1.53 kg feed\/kg BWG in the case of FCR) and triticale (86.6 g BW and 1.53 kg feed\/kg BWG in the case of FCR). Later, the differences in performance of birds between treatments did not occur (p &gt; 0.05). In the nutrition of broiler chickens, control or 30% of the triticale diet caused a significant reduction (p &lt; 0.01) of the number of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in the crop of broiler chickens (0 log cfu\/g), compared to birds obtaining feed with 30% of wheat (1.78 log cfu\/g). The diet containing triticale also reduced the number of E. coli (p &lt; 0.05) within the ileum (0.78 log cfu\/g) compared to chickens obtaining barley grain in the diet (2.12 log cfu\/g). As a result of the use of triticale grain (p &lt; 0.05), the total length of the bird intestines (199.64 cm) was compared to 30% of barley grain (209.76 cm). The increase in the length of the large intestine of broiler chickens in treatments was positively correlated (r = 0.613, p &lt; 0.05) with the number of Lactobacillus sp. in the ileum. Triticale increased the pH in the crop of broilers chickens. The research results indicate that triticale, after longer storage, can be used in amounts of 30% of the diet without significant effect on the performance of broiler chickens, with a reduction in E. coli in crop in comparison with wheat and in ileum with barley.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12061239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T03:46:29Z","timestamp":1718855189000},"page":"1239","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of Triticale Grain in Diets on Performance, Development of Gastrointestinal Tract and Microflora in Crop and Ileum of Broiler Chickens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3522-3650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrycja","family":"Wr\u00f3blewska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Che\u0142mo\u0144skiego 38c, 61-630 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0040-1045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Hikawczuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistical Analysis Center, Wroclaw Medical University, Karola Marcinkowskiego 2-6, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4304-667X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Szuba-Trznadel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Che\u0142mo\u0144skiego 38c, 61-630 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Wiliczkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Che\u0142mo\u0144skiego 38c, 61-630 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrii","family":"Zinchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistical Analysis Center, Wroclaw Medical University, Karola Marcinkowskiego 2-6, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2017-9688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Rusiecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistical Analysis Center, Wroclaw Medical University, Karola Marcinkowskiego 2-6, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krystyna","family":"Laszki-Szcz\u0105chor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistical Analysis Center, Wroclaw Medical University, Karola Marcinkowskiego 2-6, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1089","article-title":"Economic significance, nutritional value and application of triticale","volume":"68","year":"2021","journal-title":"Econ. 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