{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]],"date-time":"2026-01-04T10:46:08Z","timestamp":1767523568758,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Cutaneous anthrax is a disease caused by a Gram-positive bacillus, spore-forming Bacillus anthracis (BA). Cutaneous anthrax accounts for 95% of all anthrax cases, with mortality between 10\u201340% in untreated forms. The most feared complication, which can be life-threatening and is rarely encountered and described in the literature, is compartment syndrome. (2) Methods: We report a series of six cases of cutaneous anthrax from the same endemic area. In two of the cases, the disease was complicated by compartment syndrome. The systematic review was conducted according to systematic review guidelines, and the PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases were searched for publications from 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2023. The keywords used were: \u201ccutaneous anthrax\u201d and \u201ccompartment syndrome by cutaneous anthrax\u201d. (3) Results: For compartment syndrome, emergency surgical intervention for decompression was required, along with another three surgeries, with hospitalization between 21 and 23 days. In the systematic review, among the 37 articles, 29 did not contain cases focusing on compartment syndrome of the thoracic limb in cutaneous anthrax. The results were included in a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) flow diagram. (4) Conclusions: Early recognition of the characteristic cutaneous lesions and compartment syndrome with early initiation of antibiotics and urgent surgical treatment is the lifesaving solution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12061240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T03:46:29Z","timestamp":1718855189000},"page":"1240","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Upper Limb Compartment Syndrome\u2014An Extremely Rare Life-Threatening Complication of Cutaneous Anthrax"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5308-7192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihaela","family":"Pertea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Plastic Surgery and Reconstructive, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery and Reconstructive Microsurgery, \u201cSf. Spiridon\u201d Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9192-7607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefana","family":"Luca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Plastic Surgery and Reconstructive, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery and Reconstructive Microsurgery, \u201cSf. Spiridon\u201d Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dan Cristian","family":"Moraru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Plastic Surgery and Reconstructive, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery and Reconstructive Microsurgery, \u201cSf. Spiridon\u201d Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9941-3424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogdan","family":"Veliceasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, \u201cSf. Spiridon\u201d Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandru","family":"Filip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, \u201cSf. Spiridon\u201d Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oxana Madalina","family":"Grosu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Plastic Surgery and Reconstructive, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2503-5395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir","family":"Poroch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Palliative Care, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Palliative Oncological Clinic, Regional Institute of Oncology, 700483 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrian","family":"Panuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery and Reconstructive Microsurgery, \u201cSf. Spiridon\u201d Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Surgery I, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0991-8582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catalina Mihaela","family":"Luca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Clinic of Infectious Diseases, \u201cSf. Parascheva\u201d Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, 700116 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrei Nicolae","family":"Avadanei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Vascular Surgery, \u201cSf. Spiridon\u201d Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sorinel","family":"Lunca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery I, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Second Oncological Clinic, Regional Institute of Oncology, 700483 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-4679(03)00079-9","article-title":"The history of anthrax","volume":"24","author":"Sternbach","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1697228","article-title":"Cutaneous anthrax of the hand: Some clinical observations","volume":"37","author":"Tuncali","year":"2004","journal-title":"Indian J. 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