{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T04:19:12Z","timestamp":1791001152294,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFC2303900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2303900"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pathogenic Salmonella strains causing gastroenteritis typically can colonize and proliferate in the intestines of multiple host species. They retain the ability to form red dry and rough (rdar) biofilms, as seen in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Conversely, Salmonella serovar like Typhi, which can cause systemic infections and exhibit host restriction, are rdar-negative. In this study, duck-derived strains and swine-derived strains of S. Typhimurium locate on independent phylogenetic clades and display relative genomic specificity. The duck isolates appear more closely related to human blood isolates and invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS), whereas the swine isolates were more distinct. Phenotypically, compared to duck isolates, swine isolates exhibited enhanced biofilm formation that was unaffected by the temperature. The transcriptomic analysis revealed the upregulation of csgDEFG transcription as the direct cause. This upregulation may be mainly attributed to the enhanced promoter activity caused by the G-to-T substitution at position \u221244 of the csgD promoter. Swine isolates have created biofilm polymorphisms by altering a conserved base present in Salmonella Typhi, iNTS, and most Salmonella Typhimurium (such as duck isolates). This provides a genomic characteristics perspective for understanding Salmonella transmission cycles and evolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12071258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T08:50:08Z","timestamp":1718959808000},"page":"1258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A Single Base Change in the csgD Promoter Resulted in Enhanced Biofilm in Swine-Derived Salmonella Typhimurium"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9200-0179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhe","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengke","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"},{"name":"School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaopeng","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaorong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biao","family":"Kan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soliani, L., Rugna, G., Prosperi, A., Chiapponi, C., and Luppi, A. 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