{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:59:19Z","timestamp":1789433959221,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"AG1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nutritional interventions to reduce gastrointestinal (GI) permeability are of significant interest to physically active adults and those experiencing chronic health conditions. This in vitro study was designed to assess the impact of AG1, a novel synbiotic, on GI permeability following an inflammatory challenge. Interventions [AG1 (vitamins\/minerals, pre-\/probiotics, and phytonutrients) and control (control medium)] were fed separately into a human GI tract model (stomach, small intestine, and colon). In the colonic phase, the GI contents were combined with fecal inocula from three healthy human donors. GI permeability was evaluated with transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) in a Caco-2 (apical)\/THP1-Blue\u2122 (basolateral) co-culture model. The apical side received sodium butyrate (positive control) or Caco-2 complete medium (negative control) during baseline testing. In the 24 h experiment, the apical side received colonic simulation isolates from the GI model, and the basolateral side was treated with Caco-2 complete medium, then 6 h treatment with lipopolysaccharide. TEER was assessed at 0 h and 24 h, and inflammatory markers were measured at 30 h in triplicate. Paired samples t-tests were used to evaluate endpoint mean difference (MD) for AG1 vs. control. TEER was higher for AG1 (mean \u00b1 SD: 99.89 \u00b1 1.32%) vs. control (mean \u00b1 SD: 92.87 \u00b1 1.22%) following activated THP1-induced damage [MD: 7.0% (p &lt; 0.05)]. AG1 maintained TEER similar to the level of the negative control [\u22120.1% (p = 0.02)]. No differences in inflammatory markers were observed. These in vitro data suggest that acute supplementation with AG1 might stimulate protective effects on GI permeability. These changes may be driven by SCFA production due to the pre-\/probiotic properties of AG1, but more research is needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12071263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T12:27:33Z","timestamp":1718972853000},"page":"1263","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["AG1\u00ae, a Novel Synbiotic, Maintains Gut Barrier Function following Inflammatory Challenge in a Caco-2\/THP1-Blue\u2122 Co-Culture Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Philip A.","family":"Sapp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research, Nutrition, and Innovation, AG1, Carson City, NV 89701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy R.","family":"Townsend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research, Nutrition, and Innovation, AG1, Carson City, NV 89701, USA"},{"name":"Health & Human Performance, Concordia University Chicago, River Forest, IL 60305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trevor O.","family":"Kirby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research, Nutrition, and Innovation, AG1, Carson City, NV 89701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlies","family":"Govaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ProDigest BVBA, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cindy","family":"Duysburgh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ProDigest BVBA, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynn","family":"Verstrepen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ProDigest BVBA, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Marzorati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ProDigest BVBA, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Center of Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tess M.","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research, Nutrition, and Innovation, AG1, Carson City, NV 89701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralph","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research, Nutrition, and Innovation, AG1, Carson City, NV 89701, USA"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Food Studies, and Public Health, New York University-Steinhardt, New York, NY 10003, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e196","DOI":"10.1038\/ctg.2016.54","article-title":"Human Intestinal Barrier Function in Health and Disease","volume":"7","author":"Wells","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2016.02.007","article-title":"Physiology of Intestinal Absorption and Secretion","volume":"30","author":"Kiela","year":"2016","journal-title":"Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.02.047","article-title":"Regulation of Homeostasis and Inflammation in the Intestine","volume":"140","author":"MacDonald","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.07.008","article-title":"Inflammation and the Intestinal Barrier: Leukocyte-Epithelial Cell Interactions, Cell Junction Remodeling, and Mucosal Repair","volume":"151","author":"Luissint","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6107(02)00037-8","article-title":"Tight Junction Proteins","volume":"81","author":"Betanzos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.5217\/ir.2015.13.1.11","article-title":"Intestinal Permeability Regulation by Tight Junction: Implication on Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intest. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpgasthep0259","article-title":"Mechanisms of Disease: The Role of Intestinal Barrier Function in the Pathogenesis of Gastrointestinal Autoimmune Diseases","volume":"2","author":"Fasano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2012.02.009","article-title":"Intestinal Permeability Parameters in Obese Patients Are Correlated with Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factors","volume":"31","author":"Teixeira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1227","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00612.2020","article-title":"Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction as a Therapeutic Target for Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"319","author":"Lewis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2018.08.005","article-title":"Unhealthy Gut, Unhealthy Brain: The Role of the Intestinal Microbiota in Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"120","author":"Spielman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-018-0126-x","article-title":"Mechanisms Regulating Intestinal Barrier Integrity and Its Pathological Implications","volume":"50","author":"Chelakkot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01348-y","article-title":"The Effects of Exercise on Indirect Markers of Gut Damage and Permeability: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"51","author":"Chantler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R356","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00294.2012","article-title":"Dietary Protein Digestion and Absorption Are Impaired during Acute Postexercise Recovery in Young Men","volume":"304","author":"Pennings","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G155","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00066.2012","article-title":"Physiology and Pathophysiology of Splanchnic Hypoperfusion and Intestinal Injury during Exercise: Strategies for Evaluation and Prevention","volume":"303","author":"Lenaerts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-019-04136-3","article-title":"Four Weeks of Probiotic Supplementation Reduces GI Symptoms during a Marathon Race","volume":"119","author":"Pugh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bischoff, S.C., Barbara, G., Buurman, W., Ockhuizen, T., Schulzke, J.-D., Serino, M., Tilg, H., Watson, A., and Wells, J.M. (2014). Intestinal Permeability--a New Target for Disease Prevention and Therapy. BMC Gastroenterol., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-014-0189-7"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000778","article-title":"What Is the Leaky Gut? Clinical Considerations in Humans","volume":"24","author":"Camilleri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chantler, S., Griffiths, A., Matu, J., Davison, G., Holliday, A., and Jones, B. (2022). A Systematic Review: Role of Dietary Supplements on Markers of Exercise-Associated Gut Damage and Permeability. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0266379"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2657","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-021-04737-x","article-title":"Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology during Endurance Exercise: Endocrine, Microbiome, and Nutritional Influences","volume":"121","author":"Smith","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003620","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1003620","article-title":"Effect of Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Synbiotics on Gastrointestinal Outcomes in Healthy Adults and Active Adults at Rest and in Response to Exercise-A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"9","author":"Rauch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.3390\/nutraceuticals3040035","article-title":"The Novel Synbiotic, AG1\u00ae, Increases Short-Chained Fatty Acid Production in the Simulator of Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME) Model\u00ae","volume":"3","author":"Kirby","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutraceuticals"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2023.113528","article-title":"Propionate Regulates Tight Junction Barrier by Increasing Endothelial-Cell Selective Adhesion Molecule in Human Intestinal Caco-2 Cells","volume":"425","author":"Isayama","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665120006916","article-title":"SCFA: Mechanisms and Functional Importance in the Gut","volume":"80","author":"Marinelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuw067","article-title":"Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Colonic Inflammation, Carcinogenesis, and Mucosal Protection and Healing","volume":"75","author":"Dejong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12327","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.12327","article-title":"Strengthening of the Intestinal Epithelial Tight Junction by Bifidobacterium Bifidum","volume":"3","author":"Hsieh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2021.02.003","article-title":"Lactobacillus Acidophilus Induces a Strain-Specific and Toll-Like Receptor 2-Dependent Enhancement of Intestinal Epithelial Tight Junction Barrier and Protection Against Intestinal Inflammation","volume":"191","author":"Nighot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717925","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.717925","article-title":"The Role of Intestinal Permeability in Gastrointestinal Disorders and Current Methods of Evaluation","volume":"8","author":"Vanuytsel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-008-0083-y","article-title":"The Measurement and Clinical Significance of Intestinal Permeability","volume":"10","author":"Teshima","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14157","article-title":"Systematic Review: Exercise-Induced Gastrointestinal Syndrome-Implications for Health and Intestinal Disease","volume":"46","author":"Costa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12871","article-title":"The Complex Task of Measuring Intestinal Permeability in Basic and Clinical Science","volume":"28","author":"Galipeau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schoultz, I., and Keita, \u00c5.V. (2020). The Intestinal Barrier and Current Techniques for the Assessment of Gut Permeability. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9081909"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G11","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00113.2021","article-title":"Biomarkers for Assessment of Intestinal Permeability in Clinical Practice","volume":"321","author":"Seethaler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2022-0048","article-title":"Assessment of Exercise-Associated Gastrointestinal Perturbations in Research and Practical Settings: Methodological Concerns and Recommendations for Best Practice","volume":"32","author":"Costa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport. Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sequeira, I.R., Lentle, R.G., Kruger, M.C., and Hurst, R.D. (2014). Standardising the Lactulose Mannitol Test of Gut Permeability to Minimise Error and Promote Comparability. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099256"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1177\/2211068214561025","article-title":"TEER Measurement Techniques for in Vitro Barrier Model Systems","volume":"20","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Lab. Autom."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2015.11.005","article-title":"Arabinogalactan and Fructooligosaccharides Improve the Gut Barrier Function in Distinct Areas of the Colon in the Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem","volume":"20","author":"Daguet","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2015.04.039","article-title":"Addition of Acacia Gum to a FOS\/Inulin Blend Improves Its Fermentation Profile in the Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME\u00ae)","volume":"16","author":"Marzorati","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9380","DOI":"10.1021\/jf402137r","article-title":"A Dried Yeast Fermentate Selectively Modulates Both the Luminal and Mucosal Gut Microbiota and Protects against Inflammation, as Studied in an Integrated in Vitro Approach","volume":"61","author":"Possemiers","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2023, October 24). AG1 Supplement Facts. Available online: https:\/\/drinkag1.com\/ingredients\/en."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Travis, J., Lattimore, L.G., Harvey, M., and Frey, T. (2019). NSF International\u2019s Role in the Dietary Supplements and Nutraceuticals Industries. Nutraceutical and Functional Food Regulations in the United States and around the World, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-816467-9.00011-3"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van de Wiele, T., Van den Abbeele, P., Ossieur, W., Possemiers, S., and Marzorati, M. (2015). The Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME\u00ae). The Impact of Food Bioactives on Health, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-16104-4_27"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b04611","article-title":"Arabinoxylo-Oligosaccharides and Inulin Impact Inter-Individual Variation on Microbial Metabolism and Composition, Which Immunomodulates Human Cells","volume":"66","author":"Taminiau","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2022.105200","article-title":"Effect of Prebiotic Fermentation Products from Primary Human Gut Microbiota on an in Vitro Intestinal Model","volume":"96","author":"Parente","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650313","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.650313","article-title":"Use of Short-Chain Fatty Acids for the Recovery of the Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Affected by Bacterial Toxins","volume":"12","author":"Puebla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510001030","article-title":"Association between Faecalibacterium Prausnitzii and Dietary Fibre in Colonic Fermentation in Healthy Human Subjects","volume":"104","author":"Benus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verhoog, S., Taneri, P.E., Roa D\u00edaz, Z.M., Marques-Vidal, P., Troup, J.P., Bally, L., Franco, O.H., Glisic, M., and Muka, T. (2019). Dietary Factors and Modulation of Bacteria Strains of Akkermansia muciniphila and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071565"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00025","article-title":"The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids from Gut Microbiota in Gut-Brain Communication","volume":"11","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirby, T., Townsend, J., Sapp, P., Govaert, M., Duysburgh, C., Marzorati, M., Marshall, T., and Esposito, R. (2023, January 1\u201315). AG1, A Novel Synbiotic, Demonstrates Capability to Enhance Fermentation Using the Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME\u00ae). Proceedings of the 3rd International Electronic Conference on Nutrients, Online.","DOI":"10.3390\/IECN2023-15793"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-018-0248-8","article-title":"Role of Gut Microbiota-Generated Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Metabolic and Cardiovascular Health","volume":"7","author":"Chambers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2018.03.003","article-title":"High Fiber Dietary and Sodium Butyrate Attenuate Experimental Autoimmune Hepatitis through Regulation of Immune Regulatory Cells and Intestinal Barrier","volume":"328","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370217708188","article-title":"Butyrate Reduces High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Alterations, Hepatic Steatosis and Pancreatic Beta Cell and Intestinal Barrier Dysfunctions in Prediabetic Mice","volume":"242","author":"Matheus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"4000","article-title":"Sodium Butyrate Protects the Intestinal Barrier Function in Peritonitic Mice","volume":"8","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S1499-3872(14)60044-8","article-title":"Sodium Butyrate Protects against Toxin-Induced Acute Liver Failure in Rats","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Dis. Int."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfy238","article-title":"Sodium Butyrate Ameliorates Insulin Resistance and Renal Failure in CKD Rats by Modulating Intestinal Permeability and Mucin Expression","volume":"34","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1159\/000490981","article-title":"Sodium Butyrate Attenuates Diarrhea in Weaned Piglets and Promotes Tight Junction Protein Expression in Colon in a GPR109A-Dependent Manner","volume":"47","author":"Feng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00277","article-title":"Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs)-Mediated Gut Epithelial and Immune Regulation and Its Relevance for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","volume":"10","author":"Landskron","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.104638","article-title":"Butyrate Enhances the Intestinal Barrier by Facilitating Tight Junction Assembly via Activation of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase in Caco-2 Cell Monolayers","volume":"139","author":"Peng","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-022-00264-z","article-title":"Effects of Different Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFA) on Gene Expression of Proteins Involved in Barrier Function in IPEC-J2","volume":"8","author":"Saleri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Porc. Health Manag."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00308","DOI":"10.14309\/ctg.0000000000000308","article-title":"Human Intestinal Barrier: Effects of Stressors, Diet, Prebiotics, and Probiotics","volume":"12","author":"Camilleri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6060","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.6060","article-title":"Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Lactobacillus Acidophilus on the Performance, Intestinal Physical Barrier Function, and the Expression of NOD-like Receptors in Weaned Piglets","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO03896F","article-title":"A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Bifidobacterium Bifidum CCFM16 for Manipulation of the Gut Microbiota and Relief from Chronic Constipation","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vemuri, R., Gundamaraju, R., Shinde, T., Perera, A.P., Basheer, W., Southam, B., Gondalia, S.V., Karpe, A.V., Beale, D.J., and Tristram, S. (2019). Lactobacillus Acidophilus DDS-1 Modulates Intestinal-Specific Microbiota, Short-Chain Fatty Acid and Immunological Profiles in Aging Mice. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11061297"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, S., Lu, Y., Xie, J., Fei, Y., Zheng, G., Wang, Z., Liu, J., Lv, L., Ling, Z., and Berglund, B. (2021). Probiotic Gastrointestinal Transit and Colonization After Oral Administration: A Long Journey. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.609722"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2205.05041","article-title":"The Functional Roles of Lactobacillus Acidophilus in Different Physiological and Pathological Processes","volume":"32","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(97)76027-2","article-title":"Survival of Lactic Acid Bacteria in a Dynamic Model of the Stomach and Small Intestine: Validation and the Effects of Bile","volume":"80","author":"Marteau","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/12\/7\/1263\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:02:37Z","timestamp":1760108557000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/12\/7\/1263"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms12071263"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms12071263","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]]}}}