{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T15:49:31Z","timestamp":1774540171496,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]],"date-time":"2024-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad Nacional del Chaco Austral, Argentina","award":["081\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["081\/2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lyme disease, a multisystemic infectious disorder caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the genus Borrelia transmitted by the bite of ticks, typically from the family Ixodidae, pose a significant public health issue worldwide. The Borrelia burgdorferi\u00a0sensu lato (s.l.) group encompasses the Borrelia Lyme Group (LG), Borrelia Echidna-Reptile Group (REPG), and Borrelia Relapsing Fever Group (RFG), with some species remaining unclassified due to culturing challenges. Research into B. burgdorferi s.l. infection (Lyme Group) has intensified, focusing on its epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Originally identified in North America and Europe, Lyme disease has now become a global concern, with Latin American countries reporting the microorganism, the disease, and\/or its vectors. In Argentina, the presence of B. burgdorferi and Lyme disease has sparked significant scientific and medical debate. Ecological changes due to climate and habitat shifts have expanded the geographical distribution of these ticks. Argentina, with its diverse geography and climate, hosts various tick species that could potentially act as Lyme disease vectors, raising important public health questions. The confirmed presence of B. burgdorferi s.l. and Lyme disease in Argentina remains contentious but relevant, necessitating thorough scientific and medical examination. This work aims to enhance understanding and discussion of Lyme disease in Argentina by presenting clinical cases and their laboratory analyses, highlighting the disease\u2019s presence and implications in the country. Through documenting suspected clinical cases and analyzing available data on B. burgdorferi and Lyme disease in Argentina, this study seeks to contribute to the understanding of the disease\u2019s current status and inform future research, prevention, and control strategies in the region. The goal is to provide a basis for addressing Lyme disease\u2019s public health impact in Argentina and promote further investigation into this evolving issue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12071374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]],"date-time":"2024-07-05T03:48:56Z","timestamp":1720151336000},"page":"1374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Retrospective Analysis of Potential Lyme Disease Clinical Cases in Argentina"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7191-7383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nestor Oscar","family":"Stanchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of La Plata, La Plata 1900, Argentina"},{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of Chaco Austral, Roque S\u00e1enz Pe\u00f1a 3700, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dolores","family":"Oliva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of La Plata, La Plata 1900, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana Vanina","family":"Lucca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of Chaco Austral, Roque S\u00e1enz Pe\u00f1a 3700, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Nu\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of Chaco Austral, Roque S\u00e1enz Pe\u00f1a 3700, Argentina"},{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of Noreste, Corrientes 3400, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuliana","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of Chaco Austral, Roque S\u00e1enz Pe\u00f1a 3700, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Del Curto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of La Plata, La Plata 1900, Argentina"},{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of Chaco Austral, Roque S\u00e1enz Pe\u00f1a 3700, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Bel\u00e9n","family":"Pucheta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of Chaco Austral, Roque S\u00e1enz Pe\u00f1a 3700, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teresita","family":"Rigonatto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of Chaco Austral, Roque S\u00e1enz Pe\u00f1a 3700, Argentina"},{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of Noreste, Corrientes 3400, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Graciela","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of Chaco Austral, Roque S\u00e1enz Pe\u00f1a 3700, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7349-0296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serena","family":"Bonin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giusto","family":"Trevisan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lucca, V., Nu\u00f1ez, S., Pucheta, M.B., Radman, N., Rigonatto, T., S\u00e1nchez, G., Del Curto, B., Oliva, D., Mari\u00f1o, B., and L\u00f3pez, G. (2024). Lyme Disease: A Review with Emphasis on Latin America. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12020385"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trevisan, G., Cinco, M., Trevisini, S., di Meo, N., Chersi, K., Ruscio, M., Forgione, P., and Bonin, S. (2021). Borreliae Part 1: Borrelia Lyme Group and Echidna-Reptile Group. Biology, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10101036"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trevisan, G., Cinco, M., Trevisini, S., di Meo, N., Ruscio, M., Forgione, P., and Bonin, S. (2021). Borreliae Part 2: Borrelia Relapsing Fever Group and Unclassified Borrelia. Biology, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10111117"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-89101993000400011","article-title":"Lyme Disease: Antibodies Against Borrelia burgdorferi in Farm Workers in Argentina","volume":"27","author":"Stanchi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Rev. Saude Publica"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"28","article-title":"Lyme in Argentina? S\u00edntesis de Noticias Veterinarias. Consejo Profesional de M\u00e9dicos Veterinarios, Argentina","volume":"58","author":"Cicuttin","year":"2021","journal-title":"S\u00edntesis De. Not. Vet."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.16805","article-title":"Out of Asia? Expansion of Eurasian Lyme Borreliosis Causing Genospecies Display Unique Evolutionary Trajectories","volume":"32","author":"Rollins","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.030","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Ixodes cf. neuquenensis and Ixodes sigelos Ticks from the Patagonian Region of Argentina","volume":"162","author":"Sebastian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011151","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America, American Academy of Neurology, and American College of Rheumatology: 2020 Guidelines for the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Lyme Disease","volume":"96","author":"Lantos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2020.116843","article-title":"Sensitivity and Specificity of Cerebrospinal Fluid CXCL13 for Diagnosing Lyme Neuroborreliosis-A Study on 1410 Patients and Review of the Literature","volume":"414","author":"Lintner","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"100850","article-title":"Analysis of the Tick Communities Associated to Domestic Mammals in Rural Areas of the Yungas Montane Forest from Argentina","volume":"39","author":"Copa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talagrand-Reboul, E., Raffetin, A., Zachary, P., Jaulhac, B., and Eldin, C. (2020). Immunoserological Diagnosis of Human Borrelioses: Current Knowledge and Perspectives. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00241"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.1998.tb00670.x","article-title":"Interpretation of immunoblots for Lyme borreliosis using a semiquantitative approach","volume":"4","author":"Ryffel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3184\/003685018X15360040523730","article-title":"Recent Strategies for the Diagnosis of Early Lyme Disease","volume":"101","author":"Chou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Prog."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6832a4","article-title":"Updated CDC Recommendation for Serologic Diagnosis of Lyme Disease","volume":"68","author":"Mead","year":"2019","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1996.tb04957.x","article-title":"Serum antibodies against Borrelia afzelii, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto and the 41-kiloDalton flagellin in patients from a Lyme borreliosis endemic area: Analysis by EIA and immunoblot","volume":"104","author":"Nilsson","year":"1996","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"344","article-title":"Serological Evidence of Borrelia burgdorferi Infection in Mexican Patients with Facial Palsy","volume":"69","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Investig. Clin."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3995","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaa275","article-title":"Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans by Borrelia afzelii in an unusual geographical zone","volume":"59","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Socarras, K.M., Haslund-Gourley, B.S., Cramer, N.A., Comunale, M.A., Marconi, R.T., and Ehrlich, G.D. (2022). Large-Scale Sequencing of Borreliaceae for the Construction of Pan-Genomic-Based Diagnostics. Genes, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13091604"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"741","article-title":"European Union Concerted Action on Risk Assessment in Lyme Borreliosis: Clinical Case Definitions for Lyme Borreliosis","volume":"108","author":"Stanek","year":"1996","journal-title":"Wien. Klin. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Estrada-Pe\u00f1a, A., Cabezas-Cruz, A., Pollet, T., Vayssier-Taussat, M., and Cosson, J.F. (2018). High Throughput Sequencing and Network Analysis Disentangle the Microbial Communities of Ticks and Hosts within and Between Ecosystems. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00236"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12384","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-91956-z","article-title":"Development of a capture sequencing assay for enhanced detection and genotyping of tick-borne pathogens","volume":"11","author":"Jain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2019.04.011","article-title":"Microbiome analysis of Ixodes scapularis ticks from New York and Connecticut","volume":"10","author":"Tokarz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoshinari, N.H., Bonoldi, V.L.N., Bonin, S., Falkingham, E., and Trevisan, G. (2022). The Current State of Knowledge on Baggio-Yoshinari Syndrome (Brazilian Lyme Disease-like Illness): Chronological Presentation of Historical and Scientific Events Observed over the Last 30 Years. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11080889"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"35","article-title":"The Role of PCR in Diagnostics of Lyme Borreliosis","volume":"67","author":"Dunaj","year":"2013","journal-title":"Przegl. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trevisan, G., Ruscio, M., and Bonin, S. (2020). A Practical Approach to the Diagnosis of Lyme Borreliosis: From Clinical Heterogeneity to Laboratory Methods. Front. Med., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.00265"}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/12\/7\/1374\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:10:26Z","timestamp":1760109026000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/12\/7\/1374"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms12071374"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms12071374","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]]}}}