{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T15:20:35Z","timestamp":1785252035388,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["403260\/2021-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["403260\/2021-3"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["303557\/2021-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["303557\/2021-4"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["004\/2020-PPSUS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["004\/2020-PPSUS"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["01.08.0457.00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01.08.0457.00"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Research Support of Piau\u00ed (FAPEPI)","award":["403260\/2021-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["403260\/2021-3"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Research Support of Piau\u00ed (FAPEPI)","award":["303557\/2021-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["303557\/2021-4"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Research Support of Piau\u00ed (FAPEPI)","award":["004\/2020-PPSUS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["004\/2020-PPSUS"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Research Support of Piau\u00ed (FAPEPI)","award":["01.08.0457.00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01.08.0457.00"]}]},{"name":"FINEP","award":["403260\/2021-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["403260\/2021-3"]}]},{"name":"FINEP","award":["303557\/2021-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["303557\/2021-4"]}]},{"name":"FINEP","award":["004\/2020-PPSUS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["004\/2020-PPSUS"]}]},{"name":"FINEP","award":["01.08.0457.00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01.08.0457.00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leishmaniasis is a group of infectious diseases transmitted to humans during vector bites and caused by protozoans of the genus Leishmania. Conventional therapies face challenges due to their serious side effects, prompting research into new anti-leishmania agents. In this context, we investigated the effectiveness of morolic acid, a pentacyclic triterpene, on L. amazonensis promastigotes and amastigotes. The present study employed the MTT assay, cytokine analysis using optEIATM kits, an H2DCFDA test, and nitric oxide dosage involving nitrite production and Griess reagent. Morolic acid inhibited promastigote and axenic amastigote growth forms at IC50 values of 1.13 \u00b5M and 2.74 \u00b5M, respectively. For cytotoxicity to macrophages and VERO cells, morolic acid obtained respective CC50 values of 68.61 \u00b5M and 82.94 \u00b5M. The compound causes damage to the parasite membrane, leading to cellular leakage. In the infection assay, there was a decrease in parasite load, resulting in a CI50 of 2.56 \u00b5M. This effect was associated with immunomodulatory activity, altering macrophage structural and cellular parasite elimination mechanisms. Morolic acid proved to be an effective and selective natural compound, making it a strong candidate for future in vivo studies in cutaneous leishmaniasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12071392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T11:17:09Z","timestamp":1720523829000},"page":"1392","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Anti-Leishmania amazonensis Activity of Morolic Acid, a Pentacyclic Triterpene with Effects on Innate Immune Response during Macrophage Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3920-1320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa Maria Rodrigues","family":"de Souza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Laboratory, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Federal University Delta of Parnaiba, Parna\u00edba 64202-020, PI, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolle Barreira","family":"Maciel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Laboratory, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Federal University Delta of Parnaiba, Parna\u00edba 64202-020, PI, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasmim Alves Aires","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Laboratory, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Federal University Delta of Parnaiba, Parna\u00edba 64202-020, PI, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julyanne Maria Saraiva","family":"de Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Laboratory, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Federal University Delta of Parnaiba, Parna\u00edba 64202-020, PI, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raiza Raianne Luz","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Laboratory, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Federal University Delta of Parnaiba, Parna\u00edba 64202-020, PI, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Airton Lucas Sousa","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Laboratory, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Federal University Delta of Parnaiba, Parna\u00edba 64202-020, PI, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Gabrielly","family":"Gon\u00e7alves da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Laboratory, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Federal University Delta of Parnaiba, Parna\u00edba 64202-020, PI, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7654-044X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingrid Gracielle","family":"Martins da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microscopy and Microanalysis Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karine Brenda","family":"Barros-Cordeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microscopy and Microanalysis Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9873-3098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00f4nia Nair","family":"B\u00e1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microscopy and Microanalysis Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0293-2605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josean Fechine","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Natural Products and Synthetic Bioactive, Federal University of Para\u00edba, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3904-3529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klinger Antonio da Franca","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Laboratory, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Federal University Delta of Parnaiba, Parna\u00edba 64202-020, PI, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.006","article-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases","volume":"54","author":"McArthur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nurs. 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