{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T18:20:41Z","timestamp":1784658041699,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chiang Mai University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREF) causes nosocomial infections with high mortality and morbidity rates. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of aqueous crude Gymnema inodorum leaf extract (GIE) against the VREF ATCC 700221 strain. The antimicrobial activity of GIE against VREF was performed using disk diffusion and broth microdilution. The antibiofilm activities were evaluated using the crystal violet staining assay. The antioxidant potential was evaluated. Preliminary screening of the antimicrobial activity of 50 and 100 \u00b5g\/disk of GIE against VREF revealed inhibition zones of 8.33 \u00b1 0.58 mm and 8.67 \u00b1 0.29 mm, respectively. Additionally, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values against VREF were 125 and \u2265 250 mg\/mL, respectively. SEM analysis showed that treatment with GIE caused morphological changes, including incomplete cell division, damaged cell walls, and cell content leakage, suggesting a disruption of bacterial cells. GIE also inhibited and eradicated biofilms formed by VREF. The extract exhibited antioxidant activities in the DPPH and ABTS assays. While GIE shows potential as an antibacterial and antibiofilm agent, further studies are necessary to fully understand the underlying mechanisms and optimize its use for therapeutic applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12071399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T11:30:55Z","timestamp":1720697455000},"page":"1399","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Antibacterial, Antibiofilm, and Antioxidant Activities of Aqueous Crude Gymnema inodorum Leaf Extract against Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9067-2051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sakaewan","family":"Ounjaijean","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Voravuth","family":"Somsak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"},{"name":"Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Products, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7419-0116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morteza","family":"Saki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5257-4626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Watcharapong","family":"Mitsuwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Innovation of Essential Oil and Bioactive Compounds, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1403-1628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chonticha","family":"Romyasamit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Innovation of Essential Oil and Bioactive Compounds, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2021.07.002","article-title":"Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci: Epidemiology, Infection Prevention, and Control","volume":"35","author":"Joshi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. 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