{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T13:00:22Z","timestamp":1781096422427,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Liverpool","award":["600310\/22\/09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["600310\/22\/09"]}]},{"name":"University of Liverpool","award":["219574\/Z\/19\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["219574\/Z\/19\/Z"]}]},{"name":"Analytical Chemistry Trust Fund (ACTF)","award":["600310\/22\/09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["600310\/22\/09"]}]},{"name":"Analytical Chemistry Trust Fund (ACTF)","award":["219574\/Z\/19\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["219574\/Z\/19\/Z"]}]},{"name":"Community for Analytical Measurement Science (CAMS)","award":["600310\/22\/09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["600310\/22\/09"]}]},{"name":"Community for Analytical Measurement Science (CAMS)","award":["219574\/Z\/19\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["219574\/Z\/19\/Z"]}]},{"name":"Wellcome Trust","award":["600310\/22\/09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["600310\/22\/09"]}]},{"name":"Wellcome Trust","award":["219574\/Z\/19\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["219574\/Z\/19\/Z"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sepsis is a life-threatening condition arising from a dysregulated host immune response to infection, leading to a substantial global health burden. The accurate identification of bacterial pathogens in sepsis is essential for guiding effective antimicrobial therapy and optimising patient outcomes. Traditional culture-based bacterial typing methods present inherent limitations, necessitating the exploration of alternative diagnostic approaches. This study reports the successful application of Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics as a potent tool for the classification and discrimination of microbial species and strains, primarily sourced from individuals with invasive infections. These samples were obtained from various children with suspected sepsis infections with bacteria and fungi originating at different sites. We conducted a comprehensive analysis utilising 212 isolates from 14 distinct genera, comprising 202 bacterial and 10 fungal isolates. With the spectral analysis taking several weeks, we present the incorporation of quality control samples to mitigate potential variations that may arise between different sample plates, especially when dealing with a large sample size. The results demonstrated a remarkable consistency in clustering patterns among 14 genera when subjected to principal component analysis (PCA). Particularly, Candida, a fungal genus, was distinctly recovered away from bacterial samples. Principal component discriminant function analysis (PC-DFA) allowed for distinct discrimination between different bacterial groups, particularly Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Clear differentiation was also observed between coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) and Staphylococcus aureus isolates, while methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was also separated from methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) isolates. Furthermore, highly accurate discrimination was achieved between Enterococcus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci isolates with 98.4% accuracy using partial least squares-discriminant analysis. The study also demonstrates the specificity of FT-IR, as it effectively discriminates between individual isolates of Streptococcus and Candida at their respective species levels. The findings of this study establish a strong groundwork for the broader implementation of FT-IR and chemometrics in clinical and microbiological applications. The potential of these techniques for enhanced microbial classification holds significant promise in the diagnosis and management of invasive bacterial infections, thereby contributing to improved patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12071415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T08:47:41Z","timestamp":1720774061000},"page":"1415","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Rapid Classification and Differentiation of Sepsis-Related Pathogens Using FT-IR Spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1289-442X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shwan","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK"},{"name":"Department of Environment and Quality Control, Kurdistan Institution for Strategic Studies and Scientific Research, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7793-5303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jawaher","family":"Albahri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0304-6453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sahand","family":"Shams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvana","family":"Sosa-Portugal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston CH64 7TE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cassio","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3228-5111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"McGalliard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trevor","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7563-7282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Parry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L7 8XZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorina","family":"Timofte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston CH64 7TE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8357-7726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enitan D.","family":"Carrol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howbeer","family":"Muhamadali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2230-645X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Royston","family":"Goodacre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, 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