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In recent decades, the prevalence of asthma has increased in the pediatric population, and, in general, the risk of developing asthma and asthma-like symptoms is higher in children during the first years of life. The \u201cgut\u2013lung axis\u201d concept explains how the gut microbiota influences lung immune function, acting both directly, by stimulating the innate immune system, and indirectly, through the metabolites it generates. Thus, the process of intestinal microbial colonization of the newborn is crucial for his\/her future health, and the alterations that might generate dysbiosis during the first 100 days of life are most influential in promoting hypersensitivity diseases. That is why this period is termed the \u201ccritical window\u201d. This paper reviews the published evidence on the numerous factors that can act by modifying the profile of the intestinal microbiota of the infant, thereby promoting or inhibiting the risk of asthma later in life. The following factors are specifically addressed in depth here: diet during pregnancy, maternal adherence to a Mediterranean diet, mode of delivery, exposure to antibiotics, and type of infant feeding during the first three months of life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12071471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T09:14:53Z","timestamp":1721380493000},"page":"1471","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Early Appearance of Asthma and Its Relationship with Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1802-4329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara","family":"Su\u00e1rez-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Food Science and Nutrition Department, Veterinary Faculty, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Santaella-Pascual","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Food Science and Nutrition Department, Veterinary Faculty, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Genoveva","family":"Yag\u00fce-Guirao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Microbiology Service, Virgen de La Arrixaca University Clinical Hospital, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0925-3851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Garc\u00eda-Marcos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Pediatric Allergy and Pulmonology Units, Virgen de La Arrixaca University Clinical Hospital, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Network of Asthma and Adverse and Allergic Reactions (ARADyAL), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8894-4481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaspar","family":"Ros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Food Science and Nutrition Department, Veterinary Faculty, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3195-825X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Graci\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Food Science and Nutrition Department, Veterinary Faculty, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dharmage, S.C., Perret, J.L., and Custovic, A. 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