{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T05:31:20Z","timestamp":1789536680811,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]],"date-time":"2024-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-66\/2024-03\/200031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-66\/2024-03\/200031"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-66\/2024-03\/200143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-66\/2024-03\/200143"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Enterococcus species are significant intestinal commensals of animals, including poultry. However, they have emerged as important opportunistic infective agents in both veterinary and human medicine as well as major nosocomial pathogens, owing to their increasing antimicrobial resistance. This research aimed to investigate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Enterococcus spp. isolated from poultry farms in the north of Serbia. A total of 40 samples of overshoes or feces were collected from 40 poultry farms and analyzed for the presence of Enterococcus spp. using PCR or MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for their identification. The number of isolates was 40 and included 11 isolates from laying hens, 2 isolates from turkeys, 3 from broiler breeders, and 24 from broilers. The Kirby\u2013Bauer disk diffusion method was used to test for antibiotic susceptibility in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute and EUCAST guidelines. The results showed that Enterococcus faecalis was isolated from 37.5% farms, and E. faecium from 42.5%. E. hirae was identified in 15% of poultry establishments, and E. durans and E. thialandicus on 2.5%. Notably, resistance to erythromycin, streptomycin, fluoroquinolones, and tetracyclines among the frequently used antibiotics was found. Furthermore, 35% of the isolates had multidrug resistance (MDR). In order to prevent the spread of antibiotic resistance in chicken farming and protect the health of the public and animals alike, our findings highlight the critical need for improved surveillance and control measures. To effectively establish a containment strategy for Enterococcus spp. isolated from poultry farms, more research into the processes behind their antibiotic resistance is required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12071483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]],"date-time":"2024-07-22T08:24:59Z","timestamp":1721636699000},"page":"1483","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Antimicrobial Resistance of Enterococcus Isolates from Poultry Farms in the Republic of Serbia (Autonomous Province of Vojvodina)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7360-7805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maja","family":"Velhner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Veterinary Institute \u201cNovi Sad\u201d, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bojana","family":"Pruni\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Veterinary Institute \u201cNovi Sad\u201d, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2093-8656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nevenka","family":"Aleksi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6707-9292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dalibor","family":"Todorovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Veterinary Institute \u201cNovi Sad\u201d, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6316-5863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Slobodan","family":"Kne\u017eevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Veterinary Institute \u201cNovi Sad\u201d, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7833-7696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dragana","family":"Ljubojevi\u0107 Peli\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Veterinary Institute \u201cNovi Sad\u201d, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(01)01530-1","article-title":"Antibiotic-resistant enterococci: The mechanism and dynamics of drug introduction and resistance","volume":"4","author":"Shepard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2761","article-title":"The rise of the Enterococcus: Beyond vancomycin resistance","volume":"10","author":"Arias","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krawczyk, B., Wityk, P., Ga\u0142\u0119cka, M., and Michalik, M. (2021). The many faces of Enterococcus spp.\u2014Commensal, probiotic and opportunistic pathogen. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9091900"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.01.006","article-title":"Poultry as a vector for emerging multidrug resistant Enterococcus spp: First report of vancomycin (van) and the chloramphenicol-florfenicol (cat-fex-cfr) resistance genes from pigeon and duck faeces","volume":"128","author":"Osman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.12.003","article-title":"Human health risks associated with antimicrobial-resistant enterococci and Staphylococcus aureus on poultry meat","volume":"22","author":"Bortolaia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salam, M.A., Al-Amin, M.Y., Salam, M.T., Pawar, J.S., Akhter, N., Rabaan, A.A., and Alqumber, M.A.A. (2023). Antimicrobial Resistance: A Growing Serious Threat for Global Public Health. Healthcare, 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202305.0555.v1"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"7114","article-title":"Scientific Opinion on the assessment of animal diseases caused by bacteria resistant to antimicrobials: Poultry","volume":"19","author":"Nielsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"7127","article-title":"Scientific Opinion on the assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016\/429): Antimicrobial-resistant Enterococcus faecalis in poultry","volume":"20","author":"Nielsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.08.027","article-title":"Enterocin A production by Enterococcus faecium FAIR-E406 is characterized by a temperature-and pH-dependent switch-off mechanism when growth is limited due to nutrient depletion","volume":"107","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dolka, B., Chrobak-Chmiel, D., Czopowicz, M., and Szeleszczuk, P. (2017). Characterization of pathogenic Enterococcus cecorum from different poultry groups: Broiler chickens, layers, turkeys, and waterfowl. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185199"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2021.1919993","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides as an alternative to relieve antimicrobial growth promoters in poultry","volume":"62","author":"Nazeer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribeiro, J., Silva, V., Monteiro, A., Vieira-Pinto, M., Igrejas, G., Reis, F.S., Barros, L., and Poeta, P. (2023). Antibiotic resistance among gastrointestinal bacteria in broilers: A review focused on Enterococcus spp. and Escherichia coli. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13081362"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2016.10.026","article-title":"Virulence factors of Enterococcus spp. presented in food","volume":"75","author":"Zadernowska","year":"2017","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, A., and Rautenschlein, S. (2014). Comprehensive report of an Enterococcus cecorum infection in a broiler flock in Northern Germany. BMC Vet. Res., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-014-0311-7"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"495","article-title":"Case of Enterococcus cecorum human bacteremia, United States","volume":"1","author":"Lake","year":"2020","journal-title":"Healthc. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.2.919-922.2004","article-title":"Enterococcus cecorum empyema thoracis successfully treated with cefotaxime","volume":"42","author":"Woo","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2686","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00343-08","article-title":"Characterization of small-colony variants of Enterococcus faecalis isolated from chickens with amyloid arthropathy","volume":"46","author":"Petersen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2024, June 26). Rulebook on Determining Measures for Early Detection, Diagnosis, Prevention of Spread, Control and Eradication of Poultry Infection with Certain Salmonella Serovars, Available online: https:\/\/pravno-informacioni-sistem.rs\/SlGlasnikPortal\/eli\/rep\/sgrs\/ministarstva\/pravilnik\/2018\/36\/3."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.1.24-27.1995","article-title":"Detection of glycopeptide resistance genotypes and identification to the species level of clinically relevant Enterococci by PCR","volume":"33","author":"Evers","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (2022). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, M100, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. [32nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) (2022). Breakpoint Tables for Interpretation of MICs Zone Diameters, European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq037","article-title":"Editorial: Assessing the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria obtained from animals","volume":"65","author":"Schwarz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: An international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1155\/1999\/378394","article-title":"The new fluoroquinolones: A critical review","volume":"10","author":"Zhanel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Can. J. Infect. Dis. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1111.040630","article-title":"Fluoroquinolone use in food animals","volume":"11","author":"Colligon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1086\/512369","article-title":"Fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter species and the withdrawal of fluoroquinolones from use in poultry: A public health success story","volume":"44","author":"Nelson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jov\u010di\u0107, B., Novovi\u0107, K., Filipi\u0107, B., Velhner, M., Todorovi\u0107, D., Matovi\u0107, K., Ra\u0161i\u0107, Z., Nikoli\u0107, S., Ki\u0161karolj, F., and Koji\u0107, M. (2020). Genomic characteristics of colistin-resistant Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Infantis from poultry farms in the Republic of Serbia. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9120886"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12081","article-title":"Clonal spread of Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis in Serbia: Acquisition of mutations in the topoisomerase genes gyrA and parC leads to increased resistance to fluoroquinolones","volume":"61","author":"Velhner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Zoononses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1","article-title":"Characterisation of multidrug resistant Escherichia coli from poultry litter and poultry carrying virulence genes for evaluation of poultry farm management practice","volume":"84","author":"Velhner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1556\/030.2021.01544","article-title":"Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter spp.: A review of the literature","volume":"69","author":"Tambur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Microbiol. Immunol. Hung."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)75297-1","article-title":"Contamination of animal feed by multiresistant enterococci","volume":"354","author":"Stobberingh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao, H., Sander, P., Iqbal, Z., Wang, Y., Cheng, G., and Yuan, Z. (2016). The risk of some veterinary antimicrobial agents on Public Health associated with antimicrobial resistance and their molecular basis. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01626"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1159\/000516216","article-title":"High-level resistance to erythromycin and tetracycline and dissemination of resistance determinants among clinical Enteerococci in Iran","volume":"30","author":"Ahmadpoor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Princ. Pract."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1017\/S004393391600043X","article-title":"Epidemiological significance of poultry litter for spreading the antibiotic-resistant strains of Escherichia coli","volume":"72","author":"Milanov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Worlds Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.2.596-599.2006","article-title":"In vivo transfer of the vanA resistance gene from an Enterococcus faecium isolate of animal origin to an E. faecium isolate of human origin in the intestines of human volunteers","volume":"50","author":"Lester","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky537","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance monitoring in commensal enterococci from healthy cattle, pigs and chickens across Europe during 2004\u201314 (EASSA Study)","volume":"74","author":"Simjee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rebelo, A., Duarte, B., Ferreira, C., Mour\u00e3o, J., Ribeiro, S., Freitas, A.R., Coque, T.M., Willems, R., Corander, J., and Piexel, L. (2023). Enterococcus spp. from chicken meat collected 20 years apart overcome multiple stresses occurring in the poultry production chain: Antibiotics, copper and acids. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 384.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109981"}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/12\/7\/1483\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:20:08Z","timestamp":1760109608000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/12\/7\/1483"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms12071483"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms12071483","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]]}}}