{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T11:47:42Z","timestamp":1793620062357,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]],"date-time":"2024-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UK FAO Reference Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is scant information on Salmonella in indigenous poultry in Nigeria. We investigated the occurrence and characterized Salmonella serovars in indigenous poultry and their drinking water sources to enhance the monitoring of the infection in poultry and to promote public health. We collected 1208 samples, poultry droppings (n = 1108), and water (n = 100) across 15 markets in North Central Nigeria. Salmonella spp. were isolated following World Organisation for Animal Health guidelines. Salmonella spp., confirmed through invA gene detection by a polymerase chain reaction assay, were 6.8% (75\/1108) droppings and 3% (3\/100) water. Susceptibility testing against 13 antimicrobials showed 60.3% (47\/78) susceptibility to all the antimicrobials tested while 14.1% (11\/78) were multidrug resistant. Serotyping and whole-genome sequencing were carried out on 44 of the isolates, and 23 different serovars were identified. Genomes of serovars Luedinghausen, Laredo, Widemarsh, and Lansing are being documented in Africa for the first time. Twenty (20) antimicrobial resistance (AMR) gene markers encoding for resistance to aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, sulphonamides, quinolones, trimethoprim, penicillins and phenicols were found. Phylogenetic cluster analysis showed close relatedness among isolates from different sources. This study shows both low Salmonella prevalence and AMR, but since uncommon serovars are circulating, continuous monitoring is recommended so as to ensure food safety and poultry health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12081529","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]],"date-time":"2024-07-26T09:22:42Z","timestamp":1721985762000},"page":"1529","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Antimicrobial Resistance and Phylogenetic Relatedness of Salmonella Serovars in Indigenous Poultry and Their Drinking Water Sources in North Central Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5025-3717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nancy M.","family":"Sati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda"},{"name":"National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930103, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roderick M.","family":"Card","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge KT15 3NB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Barco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National and WOAH Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 10, 35020 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Muhammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930103, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pam D.","family":"Luka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930103, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Chisnall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge KT15 3NB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Idowu O.","family":"Fagbamila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930103, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5846-7231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Cento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National and WOAH Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 10, 35020 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8424-4859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nnaemeka E.","family":"Nnadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Plateau State University, Bokkos 932111, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clovice","family":"Kankya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Innocent B.","family":"Rwego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kokas","family":"Ikwap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence","family":"Mugisha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Erume","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank N.","family":"Mwiine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a1667","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v86i1.1667","article-title":"Salmonellosis: Serotypes, prevalence and multi-drug resistant profiles of Salmonella enterica in selected poultry farms, Kwara State, North Central Nigeria","volume":"86","author":"Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2009-00420","article-title":"Prevalence and characterization of Salmonella Gallinarum in the chicken in Korea during 2000 to 2008","volume":"89","author":"Kwon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Poult. 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