{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T06:28:02Z","timestamp":1778826482241,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bangladesh Medical Research Council (BMRC)","award":["BMRC\/Research Grant\/2021-2022\/75(1-23)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMRC\/Research Grant\/2021-2022\/75(1-23)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carbapenems are the antibiotics of choice for treating multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. Metallo-\u03b2-lactamases (MBLs) are carbapenemases capable of hydrolyzing nearly all therapeutically available beta-lactam antibiotics. Consequently, this research assessed the distribution of two MBL genes and three \u03b2-lactamases and their associated phenotypic resistance in diarrheal and urinary-tract infections (UTIs) to guide future policies. Samples were collected through a cross-sectional study, and \u03b2-lactamase genes were detected via PCR. A total of 228 diarrheal bacteria were isolated from 240 samples. The most predominant pathogens were Escherichia coli (32%) and Klebsiella spp. (7%). Phenotypic resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, aztreonam, cefuroxime, cefixime, cefepime, imipenem, meropenem, gentamicin, netilmicin, and amikacin was 50.4%, 65.6%, 66.8%, 80.5%, 54.4%, 41.6%, 25.7%, 41.2%, 37.2%, and 42.9%, respectively. A total of 142 UTI pathogens were identified from 150 urine samples. Klebsiella spp. (39%) and Escherichia coli (24%) were the major pathogens isolated. Phenotypic resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, aztreonam, cefuroxime, cefixime, cefepime, imipenem, meropenem, gentamicin, netilmicin, and amikacin was 93.7%, 75.0%, 91.5%, 93.7%, 88.0%, 72.5%, 13.6%, 44.4%, 71.1%, and 43%, respectively. Twenty-four diarrheal isolates carried blaNDM-1 or blaVIM genes. The overall MBL gene prevalence was 10.5%. Thirty-six UTI pathogens carried either blaNDM-1 or blaVIM genes (25.4%). Seven isolates carried both blaNDM-1 and blaVIM genes. MBL genes were strongly associated with phenotypic carbapenem and other \u03b2-lactam antibiotic resistance. blaOXA imparted significantly higher phenotypic resistance to \u03b2-lactam antibiotics. Active surveillance and stewardship programs are urgently needed to reduce carbapenem resistance in Bangladesh.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12081589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T07:37:30Z","timestamp":1722843450000},"page":"1589","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Resistance and Co-Resistance of Metallo-Beta-Lactamase Genes in Diarrheal and Urinary-Tract Pathogens in Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ayasha Siddique","family":"Shanta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nahidul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8829-4362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mamun","family":"Al Asad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kakoli","family":"Akter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5540-1870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marnusa Binte","family":"Habib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9323-4997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Jubayer","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Innovation, Research, Action, and Learning\u2014Bangladesh (CHIRAL Bangladesh), Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3580-5576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shamsun","family":"Nahar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6539-6972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Godman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK"},{"name":"Division of Public Health Pharmacy and Management, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0204, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6131-4132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salequl","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4943","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00296-11","article-title":"Carbapenems: Past, present, and future","volume":"55","author":"Endimiani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob. 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