{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:17:41Z","timestamp":1782951461186,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Vascular access devices (VADs), namely peripheral VADs (PVADs) and central venous VADs (CVADs), are crucial in both intensive care unit (ICU) and non-ICU settings. However, VAD placement carries risks, notably catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs). Candida spp. is a common pathogen in CRBSIs, yet its clinical and microbiological characteristics, especially in non-ICU settings, are underexplored. Methods: We conducted a monocentric, retrospective observational study at Luigi Sacco Hospital from 1 May 2021 to 1 September 2023. We reviewed medical records of non-ICU adult patients with CVADs and PVADs. Data on demographics, clinical and laboratory results, VAD placement, and CRBSI occurrences were collected. Statistical analysis compared Candida spp. CRBSI and bacterial CRBSI groups. Results: Out of 1802 VAD placements in 1518 patients, 54 cases of CRBSI were identified, and Candida spp. was isolated in 30.9% of episodes. The prevalence of CRBSI was 3.05%, with Candida spp. accounting for 0.94%. Incidence rates were 2.35 per 1000 catheter days for CRBSI, with Candida albicans and Candida non-albicans at 0.47 and 0.26 per 1000 catheter days, respectively\u2014patients with Candida spp. CRBSI had more frequent SARS-CoV-2 infection, COVID-19 pneumonia, and hypoalbuminemia. Conclusions: During the COVID-19 pandemic, Candida spp. was a notable cause of CRBSIs in our center, underscoring the importance of considering Candida spp. in suspected CRBSI cases, including those in non-ICU settings and in those with PVADs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12081597","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T08:07:59Z","timestamp":1722931679000},"page":"1597","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Epidemiology and Clinical Insights of Catheter-Related Candidemia in Non-ICU Patients with Vascular Access Devices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Scaglione","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Luigi Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Colaneri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Offer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Galli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Luigi Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5796-671X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Borgonovo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Luigi Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Genovese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Luigi Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Fattore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Luigi Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Schiavini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Luigi Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alba","family":"Taino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine, Luigi Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Calloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine, Luigi Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Casella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine, Luigi Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5379-1091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Gidaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine, Luigi Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7252-4917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Fassio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Section of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Breschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2237-1171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Leoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Cogliati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine, Luigi Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6587-4794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Gori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Luigi Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Foschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Luigi Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20220894","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20220894","article-title":"Central venous catheters: Which, when and how","volume":"96","author":"Kehagias","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borgonovo, F., Quici, M., Gidaro, A., Giustivi, D., Cattaneo, D., Gervasoni, C., Calloni, M., Martini, E., La Cava, L., and Antinori, S. (2023). Physicochemical Characteristics of Antimicrobials and Practical Recommendations for Intravenous Administration: A Systematic Review. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12081338"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1177\/1129729818819730","article-title":"Long peripheral catheters: Is it time to address the confusion?","volume":"20","author":"Qin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Access"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"11297298231209252","article-title":"Femoral venous access: State of the art and future perspectives","volume":"2023","author":"Annetta","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Access"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.004","article-title":"Vascular Access Complications: An Emergency Medicine Approach","volume":"35","author":"Simon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1097\/NAN.0000000000000532","article-title":"Infusion Therapy Standards of Practice, 9th Edition","volume":"47","author":"Nickel","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Infus. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inagaki, K., and El Feghaly, R.E. (2019). Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections (CRBSIs). Introduction to Clinical Infectious Diseases, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-91080-2_29"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2017.11.002","article-title":"Mortality risk factors among non-ICU patients with nosocomial vascular catheter-related bloodstream infections: A prospective cohort study","volume":"99","author":"Saliba","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-021-00464-0","article-title":"Short-Course Versus Long-Course Systemic Antibiotic Treatment for Uncomplicated Intravascular Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections due to Gram-Negative Bacteria, Enterococci or Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci: A Systematic Review","volume":"10","author":"Muff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Ther."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1693705","article-title":"Management and Prevention of Central Venous Catheter-Related Infections in the ICU","volume":"40","author":"Buetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2021.6844","article-title":"Safety and Outcomes of Midline Catheters vs Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters for Patients With Short-term Indications","volume":"182","author":"Swaminathan","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2014.08.003","article-title":"Predictors of Candida spp. as causative agents of catheter-related bloodstream infections","volume":"80","author":"Nagao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/11297298221099838","article-title":"The SIP protocol update: Eight strategies, incorporating Rapid Peripheral Vein Assessment (RaPeVA), to minimize complications associated with peripherally inserted central catheter insertion","volume":"25","author":"Brescia","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Access"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01909-17","article-title":"Diagnosing Invasive Candidiasis","volume":"56","author":"Clancy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2024, June 01). NHSN, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nhsn\/pdfs\/pscmanual\/4psc_clabscurrent.pdf."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2024, June 01). CLSI. Available online: https:\/\/clsi.org\/meetings\/antifungal\/."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofad024","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad024","article-title":"Comparing Complication Rates of Midline Catheter vs Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Urtecho","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.4065\/81.9.1159","article-title":"The Risk of Bloodstream Infection in Adults With Different Intravascular Devices: A Systematic Review of 200 Published Prospective Studies","volume":"81","author":"Maki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.04.002","article-title":"Hospital-Acquired Infections in Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19","volume":"160","author":"Grasselli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3001.230183","article-title":"Increased Peripheral Venous Catheter Bloodstream Infections during COVID-19 Pandemic, Switzerland","volume":"30","author":"Zanella","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myab056","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and risk factors for COVID-19-associated Candidemia","volume":"60","author":"Omrani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2022.116","article-title":"Continued increases in the incidence of healthcare-associated infection (HAI) during the second year of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic","volume":"44","author":"Lastinger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1177\/1129729821997252","article-title":"Retrospective survey from vascular access team Lombardy net in COVID-19 era","volume":"23","author":"Gidaro","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Access"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofad358","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad358","article-title":"Mortality of Patients With Candidemia and COVID-19: A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Colaneri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3000605221131122","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605221131122","article-title":"Characteristics, risk factors, and outcomes of bloodstream Candida infections in the intensive care unit: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"51","author":"Hohmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00531-21","article-title":"Albumin Neutralizes Hydrophobic Toxins and Modulates Candida albicans Pathogenicity","volume":"12","author":"Austermeier","year":"2021","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-2766-1","article-title":"Risk factors for candidemia: A prospective matched case-control study","volume":"24","author":"Poissy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.5301\/jva.5000576","article-title":"Evidence-based criteria for the choice and the clinical use of the most appropriate lock solutions for central venous catheters (excluding dialysis catheters): A GAVeCeLT consensus","volume":"17","author":"Pittiruti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Access"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"6383777","article-title":"A Meta-Analysis of Incidence of Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infection with Midline Catheters and Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters","volume":"2022","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Healthc. Eng."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/12\/8\/1597\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:30:35Z","timestamp":1760110235000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/12\/8\/1597"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms12081597"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms12081597","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]}}}