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The six Plasmodium species (Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale curtisi, Plasmodium ovale wallikeri and Plasmodium knowlesi) are known to associate with human malaria by the Anopheles mosquito. Highlighting the dynamic nature of malaria transmission, the simian malaria parasite Plasmodium cynomolgi has recently been transferred to humans. The first human natural infection case of P. cynomolgi was confirmed in 2011, and the number of cases is gradually increasing. It is assumed that it was probably misdiagnosed as P. vivax in the past due to its similar morphological features and genome sequences. Comprehensive perspectives that encompass the relationships within the natural environment, including parasites, vectors, humans, and reservoir hosts (macaques), are required to understand this zoonotic malaria and prevent potential unknown risks to human health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12081607","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T08:42:28Z","timestamp":1723020148000},"page":"1607","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Plasmodium cynomolgi: What Should We Know?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Fauzi","family":"Muh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang 50275, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariesta","family":"Erwina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang 50275, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fadhila","family":"Fitriana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang 50275, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jadidan Hada","family":"Syahada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang 50275, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angga Dwi","family":"Cahya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang 50275, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9204-2173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seongjun","family":"Choe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hojong","family":"Jun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Triwibowo Ambar","family":"Garjito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Research Group, Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency Indonesia, Salatiga 50721, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josephine Elizabeth","family":"Siregar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jalan Raya Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong, Bogor 16911, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0836-6675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin-Hee","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2608.200343","article-title":"Naturally Acquired Human Plasmodium cynomolgi and P. knowlesi Infections, Malaysian Borneo","volume":"26","author":"Raja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. 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