{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:46:35Z","timestamp":1791222395237,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microbiota present around the ocular surface, encompassing the eyelid skin, the conjunctival sac, and the meibomian glands, play a significant role in various inflammatory conditions associated with the ocular surface. Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes), formerly, Propionibacterium acnes, is one of the most predominant commensal bacteria and its relative abundance declines with aging. However, it can act as both an infectious and an immunogenic pathogen. As an infectious pathogen, C. acnes has been reported to cause late onset endophthalmitis post-cataract surgery and infectious keratitis. On the other hand, it can trigger immune responses resulting in conditions such as phlyctenules in the cornea, chalazion in the meibomian glands, and granuloma formation in ocular sarcoidosis. This review explores the role of C. acnes in ocular inflammation, specifically highlighting its implications for diagnosis and management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12081649","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T08:54:08Z","timestamp":1723452848000},"page":"1649","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Dual Role of Cutibacterium acnes: Commensal Bacterium and Pathogen in Ocular Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3223-8158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomo","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto City Hospital Organization, Kyoto 604-8845, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigeru","family":"Kinoshita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Frontier Medical Science and Technology for Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1987.tb08485.x","article-title":"The concentration of lysozyme and secretory IgA in tears from healthy persons with and without contact lens use","volume":"65","author":"Vinding","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1986.tb06877.x","article-title":"The concentration of lactoferrin in tears of normals and of diabetics","volume":"64","author":"Jensen","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.83.6.737","article-title":"Antimicrobial defensin peptides of the human ocular surface","volume":"83","author":"Haynes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br. 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