{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:21:23Z","timestamp":1760145683134,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FAPESP","award":["2018\/05823-9","2019\/17488-2","88887.672517\/2022-00","131411\/2024-1","140615\/2020-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/05823-9","2019\/17488-2","88887.672517\/2022-00","131411\/2024-1","140615\/2020-2"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"CAPES","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018\/05823-9","2019\/17488-2","88887.672517\/2022-00","131411\/2024-1","140615\/2020-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/05823-9","2019\/17488-2","88887.672517\/2022-00","131411\/2024-1","140615\/2020-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CNPq","award":["2018\/05823-9","2019\/17488-2","88887.672517\/2022-00","131411\/2024-1","140615\/2020-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/05823-9","2019\/17488-2","88887.672517\/2022-00","131411\/2024-1","140615\/2020-2"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Butantan-Brazil","award":["2018\/05823-9","2019\/17488-2","88887.672517\/2022-00","131411\/2024-1","140615\/2020-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/05823-9","2019\/17488-2","88887.672517\/2022-00","131411\/2024-1","140615\/2020-2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacterial ubiquitous Toxin-Antitoxin (TA) systems are considered to be important survival mechanisms during stress conditions. In regular environmental conditions, the antitoxin blocks the toxin, whereas during imbalanced conditions, the antitoxin concentration decreases, exposing the bacteria cell to a range of toxic events. The most evident consequence of this disequilibrium is cell growth arrest, which is the reason why TAs are generally described as active in the function of bacterial growth kinetics. Virulence-associated proteins B and C (VapBC) are a family of type II TA system, in which VapC is predicted to display the toxic ribonuclease activity while VapB counteracts this activity. Previously, using in silico data, we designated four VapBC TA modules in Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni, the main etiological agent of human leptospirosis in Brazil. The present study aimed to obtain the proteins and functionally characterize the VapBC-1 module. The expression of the toxin gene vapC in E. coli did not decrease the cell growth rate in broth culture, as was expected to happen within active TA modules. However, interestingly, when the expression of the toxin was compared to that of the complexed toxin and antitoxin, cell viability was strongly affected, with a decrease of three orders of magnitude in colony forming unity (CFU). The assumption of the affinity between the toxin and the antitoxin was confirmed in vivo through the observation of their co-purification from cultivation of E. coli co-expressing vapB-vapC genes. RNAse activity assays showed that VapC-1 cleaves MS2 RNA and ribosomal RNA from L. interrogans. Our results indicate that the VapBC-1 module is a potentially functional TA system acting on targets that involve specific functions. It is very important to emphasize that the common attribution of the functionality of TA modules cannot be defined based merely on their ability to inhibit bacterial growth in a liquid medium.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12081660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T10:54:54Z","timestamp":1723546494000},"page":"1660","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Toxin of VapBC-1 Toxin-Antitoxin Module from Leptospira interrogans Is a Ribonuclease That Does Not Arrest Bacterial Growth but Affects Cell Viability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5514-8246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deborah K.","family":"Damiano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1730, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9611-8852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruna O. P.","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1730, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1956-9997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George S. C.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1730, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aline F.","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0980-8116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viviane M.","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4851-0870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana L. T. O.","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0204-3875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre P. Y.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"65","article-title":"Leptospirosis in humans","volume":"387","author":"Haake","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. 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