{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T14:53:48Z","timestamp":1780930428150,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"ANID\/FONDECYT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#1231851"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#1231851"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"ANID\/FONDECYT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#11221280"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#11221280"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"ANID\/FONDECYT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ICN09_016\/ICN 2021_045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ICN09_016\/ICN 2021_045"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"ANID\/FONDECYT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P09\/016-F"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P09\/016-F"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy","award":["#1231851"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#1231851"]}]},{"name":"Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy","award":["#11221280"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#11221280"]}]},{"name":"Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy","award":["ICN09_016\/ICN 2021_045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ICN09_016\/ICN 2021_045"]}]},{"name":"Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy","award":["P09\/016-F"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P09\/016-F"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Respiratory viral infections pose a significant public health threat, particularly in children and older adults, with high mortality rates. Some of these pathogens are the human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV), severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), influenza viruses (IV), human parvovirus B19 (B19V), and human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1). These viruses cause various respiratory symptoms, including cough, fever, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. Notably, these viruses can also impact the central nervous system (CNS), leading to acute manifestations such as seizures, encephalopathies, encephalitis, neurological sequelae, and long-term complications. The precise mechanisms by which these viruses affect the CNS are not fully understood. Glial cells, specifically microglia and astrocytes within the CNS, play pivotal roles in maintaining brain homeostasis and regulating immune responses. Exploring how these cells interact with viral pathogens, such as hRSV, SARS-CoV-2, IVs, B19V, and HBoV1, offers crucial insights into the significant impact of respiratory viruses on the CNS. This review article examines hRSV, SARS-CoV-2, IV, B19V, and HBoV1 interactions with microglia and astrocytes, shedding light on potential neurological consequences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12081713","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T06:07:35Z","timestamp":1724134055000},"page":"1713","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Neurological Impact of Respiratory Viruses: Insights into Glial Cell Responses in the Central Nervous System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7948-9907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina P.","family":"Mora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chile, Santiago 8910060, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7622-5263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexis M.","family":"Kalergis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (MIII), Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile"},{"name":"Departamento de Endocrinolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6794-7544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen","family":"Bohmwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chile, Santiago 8910060, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2004.02.023","article-title":"Glial cells","volume":"36","author":"Jessen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat0473","article-title":"Glia as architects of central nervous system formation and function","volume":"362","author":"Allen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, S., Lu, J., Shao, A., Zhang, J.H., and Zhang, J. (2020). Glial Cells: Role of the Immune Response in Ischemic Stroke. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00294"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bohmwald, K., G\u00e1lvez, N.M.S., R\u00edos, M., and Kalergis, A.M. (2018). Neurologic alterations due to respiratory virus infections. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00386"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.3.485-505.2002","article-title":"Human parvovirus B19","volume":"15","author":"Heegaard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boncristiani, H.F., Criado, M.F., and Arruda, E. (2009). Respiratory Viruses. Encyclopedia of Microbiology, Academic Press. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012373944-5.00314-X"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00040-16","article-title":"Human parvoviruses","volume":"30","author":"Qiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2021.101000","article-title":"Interplay between hypoxia and inflammation contributes to the progression and severity of respiratory viral diseases","volume":"81","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Aspects Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bohmwald, K., Andrade, C.A., Mora, V.P., Mu\u00f1oz, J.T., Ram\u00edrez, R., Rojas, M.F., and Kalergis, A.M. (2022). Neurotrophin Signaling Impairment by Viral Infections in the Central Nervous System. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23105817"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.5409\/wjcp.v4.i4.126","article-title":"Acute encephalitis and encephalopathy associated with human parvovirus B19 infection in children","volume":"4","author":"Watanabe","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bohmwald, K., Andrade, C.A., and Kalergis, A.M. (2021). Contribution of pro-inflammatory molecules induced by respiratory virus infections to neurological disorders. Pharmaceuticals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14040340"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J\u00e4kel, S., and Dimou, L. (2017). Glial Cells and Their Function in the Adult Brain: A Journey through the History of Their Ablation. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00024"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900908","article-title":"Glial Cells as Regulators of Neuroimmune Interactions in the Central Nervous System","volume":"204","author":"Antel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032713-120240","article-title":"Microglia Development and function","volume":"32","author":"Nayak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-021-02384-2","article-title":"Microglia and monocytes in inflammatory CNS disease: Integrating phenotype and function","volume":"143","author":"Spiteri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.09.014","article-title":"Microglia: Immune and non-immune functions","volume":"54","author":"Borst","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, P., Yu, Y., and Wu, P. (2024). Role of microglia in brain development after viral infection. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2024.1340308"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2009.05.006","article-title":"The role of microglia in central nervous system immunity and glioma immunology","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fiebich, B.L., Batista, C.R.A., Saliba, S.W., Yousif, N.M., and de Oliveira, A.C.P. (2018). Role of microglia TLRs in neurodegeneration. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00329"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3916","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.6.3916","article-title":"Microglia Initiate Central Nervous System Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses through Multiple TLRs","volume":"173","author":"Olson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, S., Wang, H., and Yin, Y. (2022). Microglia Polarization From M1 to M2 in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front. Aging Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.815347"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tremblay, M.E., Madore, C., Bordeleau, M., Tian, L., and Verkhratsky, A. (2020). Neuropathobiology of COVID-19: The Role for Glia. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.592214"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4338","article-title":"A polarizing question: Do M1 and M2 microglia exist","volume":"19","author":"Ransohoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.07.007","article-title":"The Role of Astrocytes in CNS Inflammation","volume":"41","author":"Giovannoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-009-0619-8","article-title":"Astrocytes: Biology and pathology","volume":"119","author":"Sofroniew","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.22405.1","article-title":"Astrocytogenesis: Where, when, and how","volume":"9","author":"Deneen","year":"2020","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2016.03.009","article-title":"Targeting astrocytes in CNS injury and disease: A translational research approach","volume":"144","author":"Filous","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.10.050","article-title":"White matter astrocytes in health and disease","volume":"276","author":"Lundgaard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.1107","article-title":"Immune function of astrocytes","volume":"36","author":"Dong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2023.03.007","article-title":"Are cytoskeleton changes observed in astrocytes functionally linked to aging?","volume":"196","author":"Villablanca","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-023-01526-9","article-title":"Roles of neuropathology-associated reactive astrocytes: A systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Lawrence","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oberheim, N.A., Goldman, S.A., and Nedergaard, M. (2012). Heterogeneity of Astrocytic Form and Function. Methods Mol. Biol., 814.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-452-0_3"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siracusa, R., Fusco, R., and Cuzzocrea, S. (2019). Astrocytes: Role and functions in brain pathologies. Front. Pharmacol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01114"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.306064","article-title":"Astrocytes: A double-edged sword in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"16","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7047","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63766-2","article-title":"Innate Immune Functions of Astrocytes are Dependent Upon Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha","volume":"10","author":"Rodgers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.13040","article-title":"Population-based hospitalization burden estimates for respiratory viruses, 2015\u20132019","volume":"16","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respi. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bohmwald, K., Andrade, C.A., G\u00e1lvez, N.M.S., Mora, V.P., Mu\u00f1oz, J.T., and Kalergis, A.M. (2021). The Causes and Long-Term Consequences of Viral Encephalitis. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.755875"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"277","article-title":"Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Infection, Detection, and New Options for Prevention and Treatment","volume":"30","author":"Griffiths","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. Soc. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11010047","article-title":"Potential Neurocognitive Symptoms Due to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection","volume":"11","author":"Andrade","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, L., Cai, J., Zhang, J., Tang, Y., Chen, J., Xiong, S., Li, Y., Zhang, H., Liu, Z., and Li, M. (2023). Respiratory syncytial virus co-opts hypoxia-inducible factor-1\u03b1-mediated glycolysis to favor the production of infectious virus. mBio, 14.","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02110-23"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003352","article-title":"Oxygen-independent stabilization of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1 during RSV infection","volume":"3","author":"Haeberle","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.108763","article-title":"Hypoxia inducible factors inhibit respiratory syncytial virus infection by modulation of nucleolin expression","volume":"27","author":"Zhuang","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S.J., Kim, J.M., Keum, H.R., Kim, S.W., Baek, H.S., Byun, J.C., Kim, Y.K., Kim, S., and Lee, J.M. (2023). Seasonal Trends in the Prevalence and Incidence of Viral Encephalitis in Korea (2015\u20132019). J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12052003"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.06.045","article-title":"Respiratory Syncytial Virus\u2013Associated Neurologic Complications in Children: A Systematic Review and Aggregated Case Series","volume":"239","author":"Saravanos","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, Y., Wang, Z., Wei, J., Yang, Z., Ren, L., Deng, Y., Chen, S., Zang, N., and Liu, E. (2022). Exploring Key Genes and Mechanisms in Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Infected BALB\/c Mice via Multi-Organ Expression Profiles. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.858305"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.09.021","article-title":"Lung pathology due to hRSV infection impairs blood\u2013brain barrier permeability enabling astrocyte infection and a long-lasting inflammation in the CNS","volume":"91","author":"Bohmwald","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain. Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1007\/s10156-011-0259-5","article-title":"Classification of acute encephalopathy in respiratory syncytial virus infection","volume":"17","author":"Morichi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, Z., Xu, L., and Xie, Z. (2022). Receptors for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection and Host Factors Regulating the Life Cycle of Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.858629"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b13-00432","article-title":"Shuttling protein nucleolin is a microglia receptor for amyloid beta peptide 1-42","volume":"36","author":"Ozawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, N. (2019). The role of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders. Front. Pharmacol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01251"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"195","article-title":"Astrocyte elevated gene-1 regulates astrocyte responses to neural injury: Implications for reactive astrogliosis and neurodegeneration","volume":"9","author":"Ghorpade","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8075","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.090017497","article-title":"Expression of CX3CR1 chemokine receptors on neurons and their role in neuronal survival","volume":"97","author":"Meucci","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romano, R., and Bucci, C. (2020). Role of EGFR in the Nervous System. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9081887"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-178","article-title":"Inhibition of EGFR\/MAPK signaling reduces microglial inflammatory response and the associated secondary damage in rats after spinal cord injury","volume":"9","author":"Qu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20140166","article-title":"The role of neuronal versus astrocyte-derived heparan sulfate proteoglycans in brain development and injury","volume":"42","author":"Tselnicker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1369\/0022155417742147","article-title":"Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans as Relays of Neuroinflammation","volume":"66","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5885","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28061","article-title":"Lung\u2013brain axis: Metabolomics and pathological changes in lungs and brain of respiratory syncytial virus-infected mice","volume":"94","author":"Mao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28976","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28976","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus infection disrupts pulmonary microbiota to induce microglia phenotype shift","volume":"95","author":"Bajinka","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"213","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus infection of microglia exacerbates SH-SY5Y neuronal cell injury by inducing the secretion of inflammatory cytokines: A Transwell in vitro study","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gusev, E., Sarapultsev, A., Solomatina, L., and Chereshnev, V. (2022). SARS-CoV-2-Specific Immune Response and the Pathogenesis of COVID-19. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031716"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"e7423","article-title":"Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2): An Update","volume":"12","author":"Pal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00713-0","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis","volume":"20","author":"Lamers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeong, G.U., Lyu, J., Kim, K.-D., Chung, Y.C., Yoon, G.Y., Lee, S., Hwang, I., Shin, W.-H., Ko, J., and Lee, J.-Y. (2022). SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Microglia Elicits Proinflammatory Activation and Apoptotic Cell Death. Microbiol. Spectr., 10.","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01091-22"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3939","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01786-2","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 promotes microglial synapse elimination in human brain organoids","volume":"27","author":"Samudyata","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12950-020-00263-3","article-title":"Hypoxia: A key feature of COVID-19 launching activation of HIF-1 and cytokine storm","volume":"17","author":"Jahani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01080-1","article-title":"Hypoxia signaling in human health and diseases: Implications and prospects for therapeutics","volume":"7","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29440-z","article-title":"Neuropathology and virus in brain of SARS-CoV-2 infected non-human primates","volume":"13","author":"Rutkai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3303","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-11767-2","article-title":"Brain hypoxia, neurocognitive impairment, and quality of life in people post-COVID-19","volume":"270","author":"Adingupu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leng, A., Shah, M., Ahmad, S.A., Premraj, L., Wildi, K., Li Bassi, G., Pardo, C.A., Choi, A., and Cho, S.M. (2023). Pathogenesis Underlying Neurological Manifestations of Long COVID Syndrome and Potential Therapeutics. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12050816"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zalpoor, H., Akbari, A., Samei, A., Forghaniesfidvajani, R., Kamali, M., Afzalnia, A., Manshouri, S., Heidari, F., Pornour, M., and Khoshmirsafa, M. (2022). The roles of Eph receptors, neuropilin-1, P2X7, and CD147 in COVID-19-associated neurodegenerative diseases: Inflammasome and JaK inhibitors as potential promising therapies. Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett., 27.","DOI":"10.1186\/s11658-022-00311-1"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-022-03709-7","article-title":"Astrocytes and the Psychiatric Sequelae of COVID-19: What We Learned from the Pandemic","volume":"48","author":"Steardo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Awogbindin, I.O., Ben-Azu, B., Olusola, B.A., Akinluyi, E.T., Adeniyi, P.A., Di Paolo, T., and Tremblay, M.\u00c8. (2021). Microglial Implications in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19: Lessons From Viral RNA Neurotropism and Possible Relevance to Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.670298"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35352","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-24292-y","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide induces inflammatory microglial activation through CD147-mediated matrix metalloproteinase expression","volume":"30","author":"Yao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-00913-5","article-title":"Microglia use TAM receptors to detect and engulf amyloid \u03b2 plaques","volume":"22","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dey, R., and Bishayi, B. (2024). Microglial Inflammatory Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Comprehensive Review. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol., 44.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-023-01444-3"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.13657","article-title":"Potential mechanism of SARS-CoV-2-associated central and peripheral nervous system impairment","volume":"146","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8841911","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8841911","article-title":"HIF-1, the Warburg Effect, and Macrophage\/Microglia Polarization Potential Role in COVID-19 Pathogenesis","volume":"2021","author":"Ferraro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0196921","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01969-21","article-title":"Microglia Do Not Restrict SARS-CoV-2 Replication following Infection of the Central Nervous System of K18-Human ACE2 Transgenic Mice","volume":"96","author":"Olivarria","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Savelieff, M.G., Feldman, E.L., and Stino, A.M. (2022). Neurological sequela and disruption of neuron-glia homeostasis in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Neurobiol. Dis., 168.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2022.105715"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2878","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01831-0","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 drives NLRP3 inflammasome activation in human microglia through spike protein","volume":"28","author":"Albornoz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0427-y","article-title":"T cells promote microglia-mediated synaptic elimination and cognitive dysfunction during recovery from neuropathogenic flaviviruses","volume":"22","author":"Garber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-023-02786-x","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein triggers depression-like behaviors and dysosmia via TLR2-mediated neuroinflammation in mice","volume":"20","author":"Su","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02579-8","article-title":"COVID-19 and cognitive impairment: Neuroinvasive and blood\u2013brain barrier dysfunction","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111573","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infects neurons and induces neuroinflammation in a non-human primate model of COVID-19","volume":"41","author":"Beckman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"10738584231194927","article-title":"COVID-19 and Long COVID: Disruption of the Neurovascular Unit, Blood-Brain Barrier, and Tight Junctions","volume":"11","author":"Kempuraj","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00719-9","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 crosses the blood\u2013brain barrier accompanied with basement membrane disruption without tight junctions alteration","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malik, J.R., Acharya, A., Avedissian, S.N., Byrareddy, S.N., Fletcher, C.V., Podany, A.T., and Dyavar, S.R. (2023). ACE-2, TMPRSS2, and Neuropilin-1 Receptor Expression on Human Brain Astrocytes and Pericytes and SARS-CoV-2 Infection Kinetics. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24108622"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kong, W., Montano, M., Corley, M.J., Helmy, E., Kobayashi, H., Kinisu, M., Suryawanshi, R., Luo, X., Royer, L.A., and Roan, N.R. (2022). Neuropilin-1 Mediates SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Astrocytes in Brain Organoids, Inducing Inflammation Leading to Dysfunction and Death of Neurons. MBio, 13.","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02308-22"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2200960119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2200960119","article-title":"Morphological, cellular, and molecular basis of brain infection in COVID-19 patients","volume":"119","author":"Crunfli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5121","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.102935","article-title":"EMMPRIN\/CD147 plays a detrimental role in clinical and experimental ischemic stroke","volume":"12","author":"Patrizz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.12.045","article-title":"Axl Mediates ZIKA Virus Entry in Human Glial Cells and Modulates Innate Immune Responses","volume":"18","author":"Meertens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mifsud, E.J., Kuba, M., and Barr, I.G. (2021). Innate immune responses to influenza virus infections in the upper respiratory tract. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13102090"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2012.02.004","article-title":"Neurologic Complications of Influenza","volume":"19","author":"Ekstrand","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e39","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2017.21","article-title":"Nuclear translocation of HIF-1\u03b1 induced by influenza A (H1N1) infection is critical to the production of proinflammatory cytokines","volume":"6","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1742585","article-title":"Deficiency of HIF-1\u03b1 enhances influenza A virus replication by promoting autophagy in alveolar type II epithelial cells","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2010.122","article-title":"Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis and hypoxic brain injury associated with H1N1 influenza","volume":"67","author":"Fugate","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2014.09.009","article-title":"Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy mimicking acute necrotizing encephalopathy","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2022.198716","article-title":"The effect of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 virus infection on cytokine production and gene expression in BV2 microglial cells","volume":"312","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sieben, C., Sezgin, E., Eggeling, C., and Manley, S. (2020). Influenza a viruses use multivalent sialic acid clusters for cell binding and receptor activation. PLoS Pathog., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008656"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00fcsedau, H.P., Steffen, J., Figueiredo, C.A., Boehme, J.D., Schultz, K., Erck, C., Korte, M., Faber-Zuschratter, H., Smalla, K.H., and Dieterich, D. (2021). Influenza A Virus (H1N1) Infection Induces Microglial Activation and Temporal Dysbalance in Glutamatergic Synaptic Transmission. mBio, 12.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01776-21"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995-7645(14)60096-1","article-title":"Influenza virus H1N1 induced apoptosis of mouse astrocytes and the effect on protein expression","volume":"7","author":"Pei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.04.013","article-title":"Avian influenza H5N1 virus induces cytopathy and proinflammatory cytokine responses in human astrocytic and neuronal cell lines","volume":"168","author":"Ng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-018-0659-8","article-title":"Avian influenza A H7N9 virus infects human astrocytes and neuronal cells and induces inflammatory immune responses","volume":"24","author":"Ng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15913","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-43158-y","article-title":"The epidemiological and genetic characteristics of human parvovirus B19 in patients with febrile rash illnesses in China","volume":"13","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dittmer, F.P., de Guimar\u00e3es, C.M., Peixoto, A.B., Pontes, K.F.M., Bonasoni, M.P., Tonni, G., and Araujo J\u00fanior, E. (2024). Parvovirus B19 Infection and Pregnancy: Review of the Current Knowledge. J. Pers. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14020139"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou, Q., Chen, P., Chen, J., Chen, D., Xia, H., Chen, L., Feng, H., and Feng, L. (2022). Multisystem Involvement Induced by Human Parvovirus B19 Infection in a Non-immunosuppressed Adult: A Case Report. Front. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.808205"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2775","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-019-04368-w","article-title":"Optimized nested PCR enhances biological diagnosis and phylogenetic analysis of human parvovirus B19 infections","volume":"164","author":"Pichon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2004.06.020","article-title":"Hypoxia enhances human B19 erythrovirus gene expression in primary erythroid cells","volume":"327","author":"Pillet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, M., Leskinen, K., Gritti, T., Groma, V., Arola, J., Lepist\u00f6, A., Sipponen, T., Saavalainen, P., and S\u00f6derlund-Venermo, M. (2022). Prevalence, Cell Tropism, and Clinical Impact of Human Parvovirus Persistence in Adenomatous, Cancerous, Inflamed, and Healthy Intestinal Mucosa. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.914181"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1782","article-title":"Neurological aspects of human parvovirus B19 infection: A systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Barah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pattabiraman, C., Prasad, P., Sudarshan, S., George, A.K., Sreenivas, D., Rasheed, R., Ghosh, A., Pal, A., Hameed, S.K.S., and Bandyopadhyay, B. (2022). Identification and Genomic Characterization of Parvovirus B19V Genotype 3 Viruses from Cases of Meningoencephalitis in West Bengal, India. Microbiol. Spectr., 10.","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02251-21"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3390\/v10110582","article-title":"Evidence of human parvovirus B19 infection in the post-mortem brain tissue of the elderly","volume":"10","author":"Skuja","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(99)00055-7","article-title":"Fetal brain infection with human parvovirus B19","volume":"21","author":"Isumi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1086\/513280","article-title":"Comparison of tissue distribution, persistence, and molecular epidemiology of parvovirus B19 and novel human parvoviruses PARV4 and human bocavirus","volume":"195","author":"Manning","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280600827351","article-title":"Detection of adeno-associated virus 2 and parvovirus B19 in the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex","volume":"12","author":"Hobbs","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trapani, S., Caporizzi, A., Ricci, S., and Indolfi, G. (2023). Human Bocavirus in Childhood: A True Respiratory Pathogen or a \u201cPassenger\u201d Virus? A Comprehensive Review. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11051243"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2013.04.008","article-title":"Identification of human bocaviruses in the cerebrospinal fluid of children hospitalized with encephalitis in China","volume":"57","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir957","article-title":"Detection of human bocavirus in the cerebrospinal fluid of children with encephalitis","volume":"54","author":"Mitui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1177\/1971400916687586","article-title":"Acute necrotizing encephalopathy causing human bocavirus","volume":"30","author":"Ergul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroradiol. J."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24263","article-title":"Atypical presentation of human bocavirus: Severe respiratory tract infection complicated with encephalopathy","volume":"87","author":"Akturk","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vilmane, A., Terentjeva, A., Tamosiunas, P.L., Suna, N., Suna, I., Petraityte-burneikiene, R., Murovska, M., Rasa-dzelzkaleja, S., and Nora- Krukle, Z. (2020). Human parvoviruses may affect the development and clinical course of meningitis and meningoencephalitis. Brain Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.2.22415\/v1"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thapa, R.R., Plentz, A., Edinger, M., Wolff, D., Angstwurm, K., and S\u00f6derlund-Venermo, M. (2021). Human bocavirus 1 respiratory tract reactivations or reinfections in two adults, contributing to neurological deficits and death. Access Microbiol., 3.","DOI":"10.1099\/acmi.0.000237"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammadi, M. (2023). HBoV-1: Virus structure, genomic features, life cycle, pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis and clinical manifestations. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1198127"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.36-1-77","article-title":"Subacute massive necrotizing myocarditis by canine parvovirus type 2 infection with diffuse leukoencephalomalacia in a puppy","volume":"36","author":"Agungpriyono","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shao, L., Shen, W., Wang, S., and Qiu, J. (2021). Recent Advances in Molecular Biology of Human Bocavirus 1 and Its Applications. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.696604"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl.14.103","article-title":"Human parvovirus B19: A mechanistic overview of infection and DNA replication","volume":"10","author":"Luo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Future Virol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ade0869","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ade0869","article-title":"Identification of AXL as a co-receptor for human parvovirus B19 infection of human erythroid progenitors","volume":"9","author":"Ning","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piewbang, C., Wardhani, S.W., Dankaona, W., Lacharoje, S., Chai-In, P., Yostawonkul, J., Chanseanroj, J., Boonrungsiman, S., Kasantikul, T., and Poovorawan, Y. (2021). Canine bocavirus-2 infection and its possible association with encephalopathy in domestic dogs. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255425"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schildgen, O., and Schildgen, V. (2018). The Role of the Human Bocavirus (HBoV) in Respiratory Infections. Adv. Tech. Diagn. Microbiol., 2.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-95111-9_12"}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/12\/8\/1713\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:39:22Z","timestamp":1760110762000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/12\/8\/1713"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]]},"references-count":129,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms12081713"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms12081713","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]]}}}